The Study IAS

Tag: GS-3

  • Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between CSIR and MSSRF

    Context: The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and the M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) signed an MoU to work together for livelihood generation among rural, tribal, and farming communities.

     

    More on News: CSIR labs can enhance outreach in the societal sector by partnering with grassroots organisations like MSSRF to disseminate technologies developed in the labs.

     

     

    Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR):

    • Established: 1942.
    • It is an autonomous Society under Societies Registration Act, 1860, funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology. 
    • The Prime Minister of India acts as its President and Minister of Science and Technology as Vice President.
    • Known for its cutting edge R&D knowledge base in diverse science and technology areas, is a contemporary research and development organisation.
    • Vision: Pursue science for global impact, enable innovation-driven industry, nurture transdisciplinary leadership, and catalyse inclusive economic development.
    • R&D Areas:
      • Healthcare; Agri, Nutrition & Biotechnology, Energy and Energy Devices
      • Chemicals, Leather, and Petrochemicals; Mining, Minerals, Metals, and Materials
      • Civil Infrastructure & Engineering
      • Aerospace, Electronics, Instrumentation & Strategic Sector
      • Ecology, Environment, Earth Sciences, and Water
    • Headquarter: New Delhi

     

     

    MS. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF): 

    • Established: 1988
    • It is a non-profit trust registered under Indian Trusts Act 1882. 
    • Recognised by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research as a Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. 
    • Aim: To accelerate use of modern science for sustainable agricultural and rural development. 
    • Focus: On tribal and rural communities with a pro-poor, pro-women and pro-nature approach. 
      • Addresses rural agricultural, food, and nutrition issues using science and technology through Sub-Centres and Field Stations nationwide.
    • R&D Areas: Coastal Systems Research; Biodiversity; Biotechnology; Ecotechnology; Agriculture, Nutrition and Health; Climate Change, Gender and Grassroot Institutions.

  • MSME bodies urge RBI for SMA-2 stressed loan accounts

    Context:

    MSME bodies urged Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to extend the threshold period for stress loan accounts under the special mention account-2 (SMA-2) category to 180 days from 90 days currently.

     

    Key Requests from MSME Bodies to RBI

    • Extend SMA-2 Threshold Period: Current SMA classification triggers penal actions even for minor delays (SMA-0), impacting credit score (SMA-1), and restricting credit access (SMA-2). 
    • This rigidity disregards genuine reasons for delays, such as late payments from buyers.
    • Review Definition of Wilful Defaulter: Federation of Indian Micro and Small & Medium Enterprises Industry (FISME) urged RBI to review the broad definition of wilful defaulter. 
    • It proposed a more nuanced approach, considering factors like current ratios and past loan renewals.
    • Ease Credit Norms for Export-oriented MSMEs: Industry association advocates easing credit norms for export-oriented MSMEs, suggesting Letters of Credit as adequate security for additional credit.
    • Develop Targeted Solutions: A revised SMA framework with extended timelines, SOPs for bank intervention, and a more pragmatic definition of ‘willful defaulter’ is crucial to support MSMEs.

     

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    Special Mention Accounts (SMAs) 

    • These are assets showing signs of bad asset quality within the first 90 days, before being classified as NPAs. 
    • Introduced by the RBI in 2014, this classification helps identify accounts that might become NPAs, allowing for early intervention. 
    • There are three types categorised by overdue duration: 
      • SMA0 covers 1-30 days
      • SMA 1 covers 31-60 days
      • SMA 2 covers 61-90 days

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  • Climate Change Fueled Hurricane Beryl’s Record Early Intensification

    Context:

    Hurricane Beryl set a record as the earliest Category 5 storm in the Atlantic hurricane season.

     

    More on News

    • Earlier this month, Hurricane Beryl caused widespread devastation across the Caribbean islands due to severe flooding and strong winds in Jamaica, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and northern Venezuela.
    • It later made landfall in Texas, USA,  as a Category 1 storm, leading to flooding and power outages affecting over two million residents.

     

    Hurricane Beryl’s Rapid Rise

    • As reported by NOAA within just 48 hours of forming as a tropical depression with 56.3 kmph winds, Beryl intensified into a Category 4 hurricane, marking the earliest occurrence of a Category 4 hurricane in June.
    • The earliest emergence of a Category 4 hurricane was previously seen in the case of Hurricane Dennis on July 8, 2005.
    • It was also the strongest July Atlantic hurricane on record, with winds of 265.5 kmph.
    • Warmer Oceans: The unusually early formation and rapid intensification of Hurricane Beryl can be attributed to warmer ocean temperatures. 

     

    The Atlantic waters were hotter than usual for this time of year, providing the necessary energy for storm development.

    • Implications and Urgency: Beryl’s sustained winds reached Category 5 levels (252 kmph or higher). 
    • Such storms pose significant risks to life and property, emphasising the urgency of understanding climate change’s impact on hurricane behaviour.

     

     

    About Hurricane

    • Hurricanes, or tropical storms, form over warm ocean waters near the equator.
    • They are also known as typhoons or cyclones, depending on their location.
    • Originates in the Atlantic basin, including the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, eastern North Pacific Ocean, and sometimes the central North Pacific Ocean.

     

    Mechanism:

    • When the warm, moist air from the ocean surface rises upward, a lower air pressure area is formed below. 
    • Air from surrounding areas with higher air pressure rushes into this low-pressure area, eventually rising after it becomes warm and moist.
    • As warm, moist air rises, it cools down, and the water in the air forms clouds and thunderstorms. 

    This whole system of clouds and winds gains strength and momentum using the ocean’s heat and the water that evaporates from its surface. 

     

    Storm systems with wind speeds of 119 kmph and above are classified as hurricanes.

    • They are classified using the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale into five categories based on their sustained wind speeds. 
    • Due to Earth’s rotation, storms north of the equator spin counterclockwise, and storms South of the equator spin clockwise.

  • Delhi Preservation of Trees Act (DPTA), 1994

    Context:

    On June 26, a Supreme Court Vacation Bench directed the Delhi government and DDA to take effective measures to increase Delhi’s green cover amidst the extreme heat wave.

     

    Extent of Green Cover:

    • Largest Forest Cover Among Megacities: According to the ‘India State of Forest Report 2021’ (ISFR) by the Forest Survey of India (FSI), Delhi has the largest forest cover among seven major megacities with 195 sq. km, followed by Mumbai (110.77 sq. km) and Bengaluru (89.02 sq. km).
    • Forest and Tree Cover: Delhi’s forest cover constitutes 13.15% of its geographical area, while its tree cover spans 147 sq. km (9.91%).
    • Increase in Green Cover: The overall green cover (forest and tree cover) has increased from 151 sq. km (10.2%) in 2001 to 342 sq. km (23.6%) in 2021.

     

    Protection of Trees:

    • Delhi Preservation of Trees Act (DPTA), 1994: This act provides legal protection to trees against actions harming their growth or regeneration.
    • Definition of Tree Felling: Includes severing the trunk, uprooting, bulldozing, cutting, girdling, lopping, pollarding, applying arboricides, burning, or any other damaging method.
    • Permission Requirement: Under Section 8, no tree or forest produce can be removed without permission from the ‘Tree Officer’, who must respond within 60 days.
    • Penalties: Violation of the Act can result in up to one year of imprisonment, a fine up to ₹1,000, or both.
    • Tree Authority: Responsible for conducting tree censuses, managing nurseries, and reviewing construction proposals.
    • Tree Transplantation Policy, 2020: Mandates that 80% of identified trees slated for felling must be transplanted. However, only 33.33% of transplanted trees survived as per a 2022 affidavit.

     

    Case Against the DDA:

    • Contempt Petition: Filed against DDA’s Vice Chairman Subhashish Panda for felling about 1,100 trees in violation of SC orders for road expansion in the eco-sensitive zone around Asola-Bhati Wildlife Sanctuary.
    • Unauthorised Tree Felling: Despite SC’s order to re-examine the proposal, tree felling started on February 16 and continued for ten days before seeking court permission.
    • Misleading the Court: The DDA misled the court by seeking permission after the tree felling work had already started. The court pulled up the DDA for not providing records of the Delhi LG’s site visit.
    • Supreme Court’s Directive: The SC halted the DDA’s work and directed a team from the FSI to assess the environmental damage.

     

    Next Steps for Delhi:

    • Impact of Tree Felling: Amid an extreme heatwave, rampant tree felling worsens hardships by reducing urban forests that act as carbon sinks and reduce the urban heat island effect.
    • Policy Reform: Consider increasing the penalty from ₹1,000 to ₹5,000 under the DPTA, 1994 to better align with current realities.

  • India Needs a Trade Policy Reset

    Context:

    India’s proactive role in shaping trade rules through G20 and bilateral negotiations with advanced nations should extend to WTO for effective engagement.

     

    India’s Resistance to WTO Negotiations:

    • Preserving Policy Flexibility: India resists expanding the WTO’s negotiation agenda in areas like e-commerce, climate change, and investment facilitation to maintain flexibility for its economic strategies.
    • Traditional vs. Emerging Sectors: While this approach benefits traditional sectors like agriculture and fisheries, it may limit opportunities in the digital economy and high-tech manufacturing.

     

    Vision 2047 and Economic Growth:

    • Technology-Driven Economy: Vision 2047 aims to make India a developed, technology-driven economy within 25 years.
    • Global Integration: India’s domestic reforms focus on promoting technology-driven, sustainable growth to integrate with global markets.

     

    Evolving Global Economic Governance:

    • Geoeconomics and Emerging Technologies: India has significant stakes in reshaping global economic governance, driven by geoeconomics, emerging technologies, resilient value chains, and environmental sustainability.
    • Constructive Role: As a rising economy, India must play a constructive role in global economic discussions.

     

    Promoting Investment and Exports:

    • Foreign Direct Investment: India ranked third in attracting FDI in 2022 and aims to boost goods exports to $1 trillion by 2030.
    • E-Commerce Market: The e-commerce market is expected to grow to $350 billion by 2030, presenting substantial export growth opportunities.

     

    Regulatory Reforms for E-Commerce:

    • Digitisation and Transparency: Reforms in data protection, consumer rights, competition, and taxation promote a conducive environment for e-commerce.
    • Data Protection: Regulations aim to align with global standards.

     

    Export-Led Growth Model:

    • Policy Predictability: India must balance maintaining domestic policy rights with ensuring predictability in key markets like the US, EU, and Japan.
    • Active Participation in WTO: Engagement in WTO negotiations on e-commerce, trade, climate change, and investment facilitation is crucial for achieving economic objectives.

     

    Historical Context and Future Strategy:

    • 1991 Economic Reforms: Past reforms broke down trade barriers and attracted foreign investments.
    • Previous Trade Policy: The 2015-2020 policy extended to March 2023, targeting exports of USD 900 billion, ending 2022-23 with USD 760-770 billion.
    • Present Focus: Emphasise digitisation, sustainable development, and resilient value chains.

     

    Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2023: India aims to boost exports to $2 trillion by 2030 through trust-based partnerships, process re-engineering, and equal focus on the merchandise and services sectors.

     

    Key Pillars of FTP 2023

    • Incentive to Remission: Shift from an incentive regime to a facilitation regime.
    • Export Promotion through Collaboration: Involving exporters, states, districts, and Indian missions.
    • Ease of Doing Business: Reduction in transaction costs and e-initiatives.
    • Emerging Areas: Focus on e-commerce and developing districts as export hubs.

    Key Features of FTP 2023:

    • Process Re-Engineering and Automation: Streamlined processes and reduced fee structures to facilitate exports.
    • Towns of Export Excellence: Addition of four new towns to promote exports.
    • Recognition of Exporters: Revised norms to enable more firms to achieve higher export ratings.
    • District-Level Export Promotion: Encourage district-level export promotion through partnerships with state governments and tailored export action plans.
    • SCOMET (Special Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment and Technologies) Policy: Strengthen export controls, focusing on dual-use high-end technology items.
    • Facilitating E-Commerce Exports: Set up hubs and related infrastructure to foster e-commerce exports.

    Increased Export Cap: Raised consignment-wise cap from ₹5 lakh to ₹10 lakh.

    Export Promotion Capital Goods (EPCG) and Advance Authorisation Schemes: Streamlined import rules to support capital goods for export production and enhanced facilitation under the Advance Authorisation Scheme for duty-free raw material imports.

    Amnesty Scheme: A special scheme to address defaults on export obligations, promoting trust-based relationships.

  • Police Reforms

    Context:

    With the new criminal laws coming into effect from 1st July 2024, there have been changes in the basic duties of the police, including the procedures for registering FIRs, videography, and provisions for arrests.

     

    Important Provisions under new criminal laws:

    • Rules for registering FIRs: The officer in charge of a police station must register a zero FIR regardless of jurisdiction and transfer it to the appropriate station. 
    • The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) mandates this under Section 173, with penalties for noncompliance.
    • Rules for videography: The BNSS requires police to videograph searches (Section 185), crime scenes (Section 176), and property possession (Section 105). Negligence may benefit the accused, so officers need electronic devices and training. 
    • The eSakshya app by NIC (National Informatics Centre) captures geo-tagged, time-stamped photos and videos, ensuring data integrity, and is accessible to the judiciary, prosecution, and cyber forensics under the ICJS.
    • Provision of arrest:The BNSS mandates displaying information about arrested persons at police stations(Section 37) and restricts arresting frail, sick, or elderly individuals(Section 35(7)) without DySP permission for minor offences. 
    • Handcuffs are permitted but must be used cautiously, only if there’s a risk of escape or harm.

     

    The constitutional provision of the police system:

    • Police is an exclusive subject under the State List (List II, Schedule 7 of the Constitution).
    • However, the centre is also allowed to maintain its own police forces to assist the states with ensuring law and order. For ex-CRPF, CISF.

     

    Need for Police Reforms in India :

    • Government spending on police modernization is low due to inadequate allocation and underutilization of funds.
    • An overburdened police force: As of January 1, 2022, India’s police-public ratio is 152.80 per lakh persons, below the sanctioned ratio of 196.23 per lakh persons and well below the UN-recommended standard of 222 police per lakh persons.
    • 86% of state police are constables who typically receive one promotion and usually retire as head constables, which may reduce their incentive to perform well.
    • Centre-state tussle:Despite policing being a state subject, the public often favours CBI investigations over state police interventions due to a lack of trust in local forces, resulting in tensions between the Centre and states.
    •  Examples include conflicts like those between West Bengal Police and the CBI, and states like Tamil Nadu withdrawing general consent for CBI investigations.

     

    Recommendation regarding police reforms  

    • The Padmanabhaiah Committee (2000) proposed standardising police recruitment and training.
    • The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2007) proposed separating crime investigation from law and order maintenance within the police.
    • Malimath Committee 2003: A complete revamping of the entire criminal procedure system, like the Creation of funds to compensate victims turning hostile under the pressure of culprits and Separate national-level authorities to deal with crimes threatening the country’s security.
    • In the case of Prakash Singh v. Union of India (2006), the Supreme Court addressed police abuse of power and political interference by issuing guidelines:
    • Fixed tenure and selection process for Directors General of Police (DGPs) to prevent last-minute appointments.
    • Police Establishment Boards (PEB) to handle officer postings.
    • State Police Complaints Authority (SPCA) for public grievances against police actions.

     

    Way Forward 

    • State Governments are tasked with adopting the Model Police Act 2006 drafted by the Central Government to modernise and reform their police forces into a SMART entity: Strict and Sensitive, Modern and Mobile, Alert and Accountable, Reliable and Responsive, Techno-savvy and Trained.
    • Police-public relations: The 2ndARC highlighted poor police-public relations due to perceptions of corruption, inefficiency, political bias, and unresponsiveness.
    •  Community policing models like Kerala’s Janamaithri Suraksha Project, Rajasthan’s Joint Patrolling Committees, and Assam’s Meira Paibi can address this.
    • Revamp the ‘Thana’ system, which serves as the fundamental unit of police operations and connects directly with the public. 
    • Priority should be given to enhancing the working conditions of constables at the thana level.
    • NITI Aayog Suggestions on Police Modernisation
    • Greater representation of women– The states should be encouraged to ensure that the representation of women in the police force is increased. For ex-Bihar, 33% of women in the police force rule.
    • Place police and public order in the Concurrent List.
  • Species in News: Vaquita

    Species in News: Vaquita

    Context:

    The vaquita, the world’s most endangered marine mammal, is on the brink of extinction. Recent survey data reveals a catastrophic decline in their population, with only 6-8 individuals observed, down from 8-13 in the previous year.

     

     

    About Vaquita 

    • Exclusive Habitat: Found only in Mexico’s upper Gulf of California.
    • Main Threat: Constant entanglement in illegal fishing gear.
    • Elusive Nature: Vaquitas are shy and elusive, spending most of their time underwater.

     

    Physical Characteristics

    • Large dark ring around the eyes.
    • Dark patches on lips forming a thin line from mouth to pectoral fins.
    • Dark grey dorsal surface.
    • Pale grey sides.
    • White ventral surface with long, light grey markings.
    • Newborns: Darker coloration and wide grey fringe from head to flukes, passing through dorsal and pectoral fins.
    • They are solitary animals, but they can also be found in pairs or other small groupings.
  • Species in News: Pearl Spot Fish

    Species in News: Pearl Spot Fish

    Context:

    The Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (Kufos) is set to launch a genome editing initiative aimed at transforming pearl spot aquaculture, similar to the impact Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) had years ago. 

    This pioneering effort aims to enhance growth rates and breeding efficiency, potentially revolutionising the state’s aquaculture industry.

     

    About Pearl Spot Fish

    • Scientific Name: Etroplus suratensis; commonly known as “Karimeen” in Kerala.
    • It is a commercially important fish in India. It is prized for its flavour and fetches a high price in the market. 
    • IUCN status: It is listed as Least Concern.
    • Native Species: Endemic to peninsular India and Sri Lanka, it is widely found in the Kerala backwaters, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.
    • State fish of Kerala: Declared in the year 2010. They are traditionally grown in paddy fields (Pokkali fields) in Kerala.
    • Euryhaline fish: It can thrive in brackish waters and live in both fresh and saline waters.
    • An oval-shaped body with a short snout, it is typically grey-green in colour with dark bars and a distinctive spot at the base of the pectoral fin. 
    • It is a low-fat, high-protein food rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which keep the heart and brain healthy. It is also rich in Vitamin D and riboflavin, as well as minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
    • The average length reaches up to 20 cm.
    • Diet: This omnivorous detritus feeder eats Plankton, Small worms, Prawns, and Algae (especially periphyton dominated by spirogyra).
    • Pearl spots can be raised in monoculture or polyculture with other fish or prawns.
    • Breeding behaviour involves pairing, courtship, chasing, nest-making and parental care.

     

    Disease Management:

    It is susceptible to diseases caused by fluctuations in water quality. Bacteria like Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, and Vibrio cause common diseases.

  • Regenerative Braking

    Context:

    Driven by the desire for sustainability, regenerative braking is the latest addition to EV technology in the automotive sector.

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    Normal Braking: In a traditional vehicle, when you brake, the car’s kinetic energy (the energy it has while moving) is turned into heat and wasted.

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    Regenerative Braking 

    • Regenerative braking is a brake system designed to convert the kinetic energy of the wheels, typically lost as heat during braking, to a form that can be stored and used for other purposes.
    • During regenerative braking, the motor operates as a generator, turning mechanical energy back to electrical energy, which is stored separately in a battery and used for other purposes.
    • Regenerative braking works on the principle of the law of conservation of energy.
    • Regenerative Braking claims to recapture as much as 70% of the kinetic energy typically lost from braking.

     

    Significance of Regenerative Banking 

    • Energy Efficiency: Reuses energy, reducing the need for frequent battery recharges.
    • Extended Range: Allows electric and hybrid vehicles to travel further on a single charge.
    • Less Wear and Tear: Decreases wear on traditional brake components, lowering maintenance costs.
    • Regenerative brakes are beneficial in stop-start traffic.
    • Aids in reducing carbon emissions.

     

    Challenges 

    • Regenerative braking alone often cannot bring a vehicle to a complete stop and needs to be supplemented by conventional braking systems.
    • Regenerative brakes may not prevent vehicles from sliding backward on a downhill slope. 
    • The efficiency of energy recovery decreases as the vehicle’s speed slows down.

     

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    Another way to recover energy 

    • Flywheels can store mechanical energy by increasing angular momentum, which is useful in applications such as Formula One racing and satellite navigation.
    • Kinetic energy can also be used to compress air, which can be useful for starting internal combustion engines.

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  • Finalisation of New Producer Price Index (PPI) Model

    Context:  Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) announced the finalisation of a new Producer Price Index PPI model.

     

    More on News: 

    • The new model aims to efficiently capture input prices in the economy.
    • The government is considering changing the base year of the wholesale price index (WPI) from 2011-12.
    • There is a move towards transitioning from WPI to PPI, in line with most G20 economies.

     

     

    Producer Price Index (PPI) 

    • It is a new index introduced by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry in 2020.
    • PPI measures the average change over time in selling prices received by domestic producers of goods and services, capturing price changes from the seller’s perspective. 
    • This contrasts with the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which measures price changes from the purchaser’s perspective. 
    • Differences between sellers’ and purchasers’ prices can arise from factors like government subsidies, taxes, and distribution costs.
    • It has replaced WPI in most countries as it aligns with the internationally agreed System of National Accounts (SNA) for compiling economic activity measures.

     

     

     

     

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    System of National Accounts (SNA)

    • It is the internationally agreed standard set of recommendations on how to compile measures of economic activity.
    • It provides a coherent set of macroeconomic accounts based on agreed concepts, definitions, classifications, and accounting rules. 
    • It records how production is distributed among consumers, businesses, government, and foreign nations, showing how income flows to these groups and is allocated to consumption, saving, and investment. 
    • It supports economic analysis and policy formulation, accommodating countries at different stages of development and ensuring consistency across various economic statistics.

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  • Graphene membranes with High Selectivity improve the efficiency of CO₂ capture

    Context: Researchers at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) have recently unveiled innovative graphene membranes that could significantly enhance carbon capture efficiency. These membranes feature pyridinic nitrogen at their pore edges, aiding in the binding of CO₂ to the pores.

     

     

     

     

    Advancing Graphene Membrane Performance for Carbon Capture:

    • Objective: Enhance the separation performance of graphene membranes.
      • Increase porosity in graphene, improve pore size distribution, and add polymer groups to the pores to improve CO₂/N₂ selectivity and achieve high CO₂ permeance.
    • Simple Incorporation Process:
      • Pyridinic nitrogen can be incorporated by soaking porous graphene in ammonia.
      • This method significantly improves CO₂/N₂ selectivity while maintaining high permeance.
      • Achieves extremely high CO₂/N₂ selectivity for dilute CO₂ feed, with factors above 1,000.
    • Advantages of the Method:
      • Atomic nitrogen introduced as pyridinic nitrogen has a high affinity for CO₂.
      • The graphene lattice remains atom-thin, enabling both high selectivity and permeance.
    • Challenges: Achieving both high permeance and high selectivity in graphene membranes was difficult.
      • Developing high-performance and low-cost membranes for CO₂ capture.
      • These challenges have limited the real-world application of carbon capture solutions.
    • Future Implications:
      • The developed graphene membranes and fabrication approach could enable large-scale carbon capture.
      • Researchers are working on scaling up the membranes and simplifying fabrication with roll-to-roll synthesis for future commercialization.

     

     

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    Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

    • CCS involves capturing CO2 emissions produced by industrial activities like power generation, hydrogen production, steel, or cement manufacturing. The captured CO2 is then transported and stored deep underground.
    • It is a critical technology aimed at reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to combat global warming. It involves:
      • Capture: CO2 is separated from other gases emitted during industrial processes such as coal or natural gas power plants, and steel or cement factories.
      • Involves the separation of CO₂ from mixed gas emissions.
      • Captures CO₂ to prevent its release into the atmosphere.
      • Utilises special membranes as selective barriers:
        • Allows CO₂ to pass through and absorb it.
        • Blocks the passage of other gases.
      • Transport: The captured CO2 is compressed and transported via pipelines, road transport, or ships to a suitable storage site.
      • Storage: CO2 is injected deep into geological formations underground, ensuring it remains permanently stored and does not re-enter the atmosphere.
    • Role in Climate Action: CCS is crucial for achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement by helping to limit global temperature rise to 1.5°C. It is recognized as a technology that can complement efforts to reduce emissions by removing CO2 directly from the atmosphere.

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  • Digital Bharat Nidhi (DNB)

    Context: The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) released draft rules to operationalise the Digital Bharat Nidhi, it would replace the erstwhile Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF). 

     

    Digital Bharat Nidhi

    • It was established through the Telecommunications Act, 2023, passed by Parliament.
    • Goal: Improve and expand efforts to connect people to the Internet, especially in rural, remote, and poor urban areas.

     

    • Objectives:
      • Enhance rural telecom services.
      • Support research and development in telecommunication technologies.
      • Finance pilot projects and consultancy services.
      • Provide targeted access to telecommunication services for underserved groups.
      • Promote innovation, research, and development of indigenous technologies.

     

    • Focus Areas:
      • Target Groups: Women, persons with disabilities, economically and socially weaker sections.
      • Technological Goals: Introduce next-gen telecom technologies, improve affordability, promote innovation, R&D, and indigenous technology.
      • Standards and Startups: Develop national and international standards, encourage telecom sector startups and manufacturing.

     

    • Funding: Contributions from telecom companies will be credited to the Consolidated Fund of India (CFI) and then deposited to the DBN.
    • Funds will be utilised to support universal telecommunication services, research and development, pilot projects, consultancy, and advisory support.
    • Funding will be determined case-by-case, including full, partial, co-funding, market risk mitigation, and risk capital.
    • The government will appoint an administrator to manage it who will select DBN implementers through bidding or invitations for applications from eligible persons.

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    Consolidated Fund of India (CFI): Article 266 provides for the provisions for the consolidated fund of India.

    • It is an account in which all revenues that the government receives, including loans raised and all money received in repayment of loans, are credited. 
    • The government also incurs its expenditures from this fund.

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    Impact of Digital Bharat Nidhi 

    • Improving Rural Connectivity: Focus on expanding telecom networks in remote and rural areas where private companies may not find it profitable.
    • Enhancing Competition: Encourages innovation and new businesses in the telecom sector, making it more competitive globally.
    • Addressing Underutilization: Replaces the USOF, which had been criticised for not utilising funds effectively, aiming to improve the efficiency of the new fund.

     

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    USOF

    • Established in 2003 through an amendment to Indian Telegraph Act of 1885.
    • Funding Source: It was funded by a 5% Universal Service Levy on the Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) of telecom operators.
    • Purpose: Intended to fund telecom network expansion in rural and remote areas.
    • Underutilisation of USOF
      • Collection vs. Utilisation: Between 2017 and 2022, Rs 41,740 crore was collected, but only Rs 30,213 crore utilised (72%).
      • Specific Fiscal Data: In 2019-20, out of Rs 7,962 crore collected, only Rs 2,926 crore utilised.
      • BharatNet Project: Underspending on the BharatNet project contributed to overall underutilization.

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  • MEITY to Seek More Funds for Semiconductor Mission

    Context: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) is seeking additional funding from the Finance Ministry to further support semiconductor mission. 

     

    More on News

    • Scheme for Promotion of Manufacturing of Electronic Components and Semiconductors (SPECS) ended on March 31, 2024.
    • Nearly ₹70,000 crore out of ₹76,000 crore for the mission has already been committed.

     

     

     

     

    Strengthening India’s Semiconductor Ecosystem

    • Additional funds are required to support new and existing manufacturers, suppliers, and equipment manufacturers within the semiconductor industry. 
    • Approximately 300 vendors will require support and need to be located in close proximity to fabrication facilities (fabs).
    • Supporting the ecosystem involves establishing facilities such as laundries for cleaning the bunny suits worn inside semiconductor units. 
    • While India’s design workforce is strong, there is a crucial need to enhance manufacturing precision. 
    • Diversification of the semiconductor supply chain is essential for strategic and geopolitical reasons.
      • The pandemic emphasised the need for supply chain diversification.
    • India sourced nearly 70% of its semiconductor devices and diodes from China.
    • Electronics manufacturing operates within a global value chain, with components often crossing borders multiple times. 
    • India’s total electronics export stands at approximately $110 billion, with significant activity concentrated near Chennai. 
      • However, value addition in these exports is around 18-20%, primarily due to assembly and labour. 
    • To retain and expand its electronics manufacturing sector, India must deepen its value chain. 
    • The next critical stage for India in this process is component manufacturing.

     

     

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    The India Advantage

    • With 20% of the world’s semiconductor design workforce, rapidly evolving tech landscape, and thriving domestic market, India is poised to build a semiconductor ecosystem.
    • Initiatives like National Electronics Policy and $10 billion PLI scheme bolster chipmaking aspirations. 
    • Budget 2024 increased funding for the semiconductor ecosystem and established $12 billion R&D innovation corpus.
    • India’s strategic positioning to attract global semiconductor companies is clear.

    [/stextbox]

     

     

    Challenges

    • The US and EU offer more lucrative semiconductor incentives, pushing India to focus on mature nodes (28 nm and older) instead of cutting-edge ones.
    • Advanced manufacturers like Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), which produces 3 nm chips, are currently out of reach, and attracting them may take time.
    • India has many design engineers but lacks skilled workers for fabrication plants.
    • India lacks original research in semiconductor design. 
      • Government is setting up an R&D lab at Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL) in Mohali and a Rs 10,000 crore modernization plan, including Bharat Semiconductor Research Centre, to develop chips for India’s needs.

     

    Government Support and Subsidies

    • New semiconductor units have 75% of their costs covered by government subsidies, paid progressively as projects advance to align government and investor interests.
    • Semicon India Programme for development of semiconductors.
    • Government approved three semiconductor plants (two in Gujarat and one in Assam).
      • It includes India’s first semiconductor fabrication plant, a collaboration between Tata Electronics and Taiwan’s Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC), to be established in Dholera, Gujarat. 

     

     

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    India Semiconductor Mission (ISM)

    • Launched in 2021 with a financial outlay of Rs76,000 crore under MeitY
    • Objective: 
      • Development of a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem and a robust semiconductor design ecosystem in collaboration with government, industry, and academia.
      • Promote secure microelectronics adoption and establish a trusted semiconductor supply. 
      • Support growth of Indian semiconductor design industry by providing Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools, foundry services, and other resources for early-stage startups.
      • Promotes indigenous Intellectual Property (IP) generation and incentivizes Technology Transfer (ToT). 
    • Following four schemes have been introduced under the aforesaid programme:
      • Modified Scheme for setting up of Semiconductor Fabs in India
      • Modified Scheme for setting up of Display Fabs in India
      • Modified Scheme for setting up of Compound Semiconductors / Silicon Photonics / Sensors Fab / Discrete Semiconductors Fab and Semiconductor Assembly, Testing, Marking and Packaging (ATMP) / OSAT facilities in India
      • Semicon India Future Design: Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme.

    [/stextbox]

     

     

  • Balance of Payment

    Context:RBI showed that India’s current account registered a surplus of 0.6% of GDP during the fourth quarter (Jan-Mar) of the 2023-24 financial year. This was the first time in 11 quarters that India had witnessed a surplus.

     

    More in News: 

    The country’s Current Account Deficit (CAD) decreased to 0.7 percent of GDP, or $23.2 billion in FY24, down from 2 percent of GDP, or $67 billion, in FY23.

     

     

     

    Reasons for Current account surplus inQ4FY24  :

    • FDI and FPIs saw a net inflow in the quarter after registering a net outflow in the same period a year ago leading to higher Factor Income(Profit/dividend due to FDI/FPI).
    • Net services receipts increased by 4.1% YoY in Q4 owing to a rise in the exports of software, travel and business services.
    • Merchandise trade deficit in Q4 stood at $50.9 billion, lower than $52.6 billion seen in Q4FY23.
    • Non-resident deposits saw a net inflow of $5.4 billion in Q4, higher than the $3.6 billion seen in the same period a year ago. 
    • Remittances by Indians employed overseas, which factors in under private transfer receipts, saw a 11.9 per cent YoY increase to $32 billion.

     

    Factors affecting Current Account:

    • Trade Imbalances: Occur when a country imports more goods and services than it exports.
    • Economic Policies: Expansionary fiscal or monetary policies can increase imports and reduce savings, worsening the deficit.
    • Exchange Rates: A strong domestic currency can make imports cheaper, boosting demand and contributing to the deficit.

     

    Consequences of a Current Account Deficit:

    • Dependency on Foreign Financing: Persistent deficits may lead to reliance on foreign capital inflows, resulting in debt accumulation and vulnerability to external shocks.
    • Currency Depreciation: Ongoing deficits can put downward pressure on the domestic currency, making imports more expensive and potentially causing inflation.
    • Economic Instability: Large and persistent deficits can signal economic imbalances, raising investor concerns, potentially increasing borrowing costs, and reducing investment.

     

    Steps to Address Current Account Deficit:

    • Export Promotion: Encouraging domestic industries to produce goods and services for export to improve the trade balance.
    • Schemes like Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS) and Service Exports from India Scheme (SEIS) provide incentives to exporters.
    • Import Substitution: Promoting domestic production of goods that are currently imported to reduce reliance on foreign goods.
      • Import substitution of 60% has been achieved in the Telecom sector and sales of Telecom & Networking Products by PLI beneficiary companies in FY 2023-24 increased by 370% vis-a-vis Base Year (FY 2019-20). 
      • Gold Monetization Scheme (GMS): Reducing the import of gold by encouraging households and institutions to deposit their gold with banks.
    • Fiscal and Monetary Policies: Adopting policies that encourage savings and investment, control inflation, and stabilise exchange rates to reduce external imbalances.
    • Structural Reforms: Implementing reforms to enhance competitiveness, increase productivity, and attract foreign investment to address the underlying causes of the deficit in the long term.

     

     

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    Balance of Payment

    According to the RBI, the balance of payments of a country is a systematic record of all economic transactions between the residents of a country and the rest of the world in a financial year.

    Component of BOP

    • Current account :Deals in those transactions which do not alter Indian Resident’s assets or liabilities e.g. dividend from buying share abroad does not change asset/liability hence part of current account.
    • Generally India suffers from Current account deficit owing to higher trade deficit(high oil import).
    • Capital Account:This account is a record of the inflows and outflows of capital that directly affect a country’s foreign assets and liabilities.eg.buying share in foreign land changes asset/liability and hence part of capital account.
    • Mostly in surplus due to high FDI/FPI in India along with large NRI deposits

    Forex Reserve=Overall BOP= Current A/C Balance +Capital A/C Balance 

    Eg for FY24

    Forex reserve (64 Billion USD)=Overall BOP(64 Billion USD)=Current A/C Balance(-23 Billion USD ie deficit)+Capital A/C Balance (86 Billion USD ie surplus)

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  • Species in News: Python

    Species in News: Python

    Context:

    Recently, in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, two women were killed and swallowed by reticulated pythons, an occurrence often found in folklore. Scientists suggest these encounters may be linked to forest clearing for the thriving oil palm industry in Indonesia.

     

    Pythons: Characteristics and Behavior

    ♦ Scientific classification

    Kingdom: Animalia

    Phylum: Chordata

    Subphylum: Vertebrata

    Class: Reptilia

    Order: Squamata

    Suborder: Serpentes

    Infraorder: Alethinophidia

    Family: Pythonidae

    • Pythons are some of the largest snakes in the world. 
    • These big, non-venomous snakes can range from 23 inches to 33 feet in length.
    • Depending on the species, Pythons live in a wide range of habitats, but many seek shelter in trees and can hold onto branches with their tails.
    • Species and Distribution: About 40 species, primarily in the Old World tropics and subtropics.
    • Size: Reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus) is the longest, reaching 7–8 metres (23–26.2 feet).
    • Habitat: They are mostly terrestrial to semi-arboreal, but some, like the green tree python (Morelia viridis), are strongly arboreal.
    • Behaviour: Terrestrial pythons are often near water and are proficient swimmers but hunt and eat primarily on land.
    • Diet: Larger pythons prey on mammals and birds; smaller species also eat amphibians and reptiles
    • Sensory Abilities: They have good senses of smell and sight and can detect heat using infrared-sensitive pits between their lip scales, allowing them to see heat shadows of mammals and birds even in the dark.
    • Hunting: Capture prey by striking and biting, followed by constriction; secrete mucus with harmless trace amounts of venom proteins when swallowing prey.
    • Reproduction: Oviparous (egg-laying): Females coil around and brood their eggs, selecting thermally stable nesting sites and generating heat by shivering to maintain constant incubation temperatures.

     

    [stextbox id=’info’]

    Indian Python: Characteristics and Habitat

    • Family: Pythonidae (Python family)
    • Common Names: Indian python, Indian rock python, black-tailed python. Scientific Name: Python molurus
    • Size: Average adult length is 13 feet (4 meters); can grow to over 20 feet (6 meters), making it one of the longest snakes in the world
    • Venom: Nonvenomous
    • Habitat: Inhabits rainforests, grassy marshes, and woodlands on the Indian subcontinent

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    [stextbox id=’info’]

    Surprising Facts about Python:

    • Skin is prized in the fashion industry, but trade is regulated for conservation.
    • Heat-Sensing Abilities: Possess heat pits to detect infrared radiation from warm-blooded animals, aiding in hunting.
    • Female pythons can reproduce without a male through a process called parthenogenesis. 
    • Pythons hold cultural significance in various traditions and folklore.
    • Can engulf and digest prey larger than themselves.

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  • Species in News: Maoson horned frog

    Species in News: Maoson horned frog

    Context: 

    The study, led by scientists of the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) in Shillong and Pune, discovered a new horned frog species in Tale Wildlife Sanctuary, which had previously been mistakenly identified as a Vietnamese reptile.

     

    About the Species  Maoson horned frog (Xenophrys maosonensis):

    • The study involved collaborators from ZSI, Pune and ZSI, Itanagar.
    • Known for living among tea leaves and sporting small horns, it is dark brown in colour.
    • It is named after the Apatani tribe of Arunachal Pradesh, recognizing their conservation efforts. This discovery significantly contributes to India’s herpetofauna diversity, adding to the 16 Xenophrys species found in India out of 28 worldwide. 
    • First reported from Arunachal Pradesh in 2019, genetic analysis revealed a 4.4% to 5.5% genetic disparity from its Vietnamese counterpart.
    • It’s endemic and requires study on its habitat and conservation status.
    • Insights into Xenophrys species distribution highlight concentrations in Eastern Himalayas and Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspots.
    • Northeast India continues to unveil new amphibian species, suggesting more discoveries await, particularly among smaller Xenophrys species.

    [stextbox id=’info’]

    Xenophrys:

    • It is a genus of amphibians in the family Megophryidae. 
    • They are found in southeastern Asia (including China and northeastern India) to Borneo.

    [/stextbox]

     

    [stextbox id=’info’]

    Apatani Tribe:

    • The Apatani, or Tanw, also known as Apa and Apa Tani, are a tribal group living in the Ziro Valley in the Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh.
    • The Apatani language, or Tanii agun
    • They celebrate two major festivals: Dree and Myoko.

    Dree, celebrated in July, is an agricultural festival with prayers for a bumper harvest and prosperity. Cultural programs include Pakhu-Itu, Daminda, and Pree dance.

    Myoko, celebrating friendship, lasts from the end of March to the end of April.

    [/stextbox]

     

    [stextbox id=’info’]

    Tale Wildlife Sanctuary:

    • It is located near the Apatani cultural landscape in the Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh.
    • The sanctuary covers an area of 337 sq.km, lying between the Subansiri, Sipu, and Pange rivers, surrounded by densely forested mountains ranging from 2,000 to 4,000 metres in altitude.
    • The sanctuary includes two main valleys: Pange Valley and Tale Valley.
    • The valley is known for its thick bamboo forests.
    • The area around Ziro Valley also records many bird species, with the Apatani tribe being recognized for their natural conservation efforts.

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  • US-made Stryker armoured infantry combat vehicles

    Context:

    India is set to conduct trials for US-made Stryker armoured infantry combat vehicles in Ladakh and desert terrains to enhance its mechanised infantry.

     

    About Stryker armoured infantry combat vehicles:

    • The Stryker is a family of eight-wheel-drive combat armoured infantry combat vehicles.
    • It is jointly developed by Canada and the United States.
    • Indian Army aims to procure approximately 530 new infantry combat vehicles (ICVs) with the Stryker as the most favourite. 
    • This initiative falls under the US-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET), which promotes joint production and technology collaboration between the two nations.
    • The Strykers can be transported via Chinook helicopters, which the Indian Air Force uses.
    • It is a V-hull armoured infantry vehicle equipped with a 30 mm cannon and a 105 mm mobile gun.
    • The Stryker hull is constructed from high-hardness steel.

     

    Importance 

    • The Stryker can formulate a quick response to insurgencies or war-like situations, moving much faster than tanks on paved roads, thereby getting infantry squads into the fight more swiftly. 
    • This capability is particularly valuable in urban warfare.
    • The Stryker vehicles have seen action in Afghanistan against the Taliban. Washington has also sent these combat vehicles to Ukraine to aid in the conflict against Russia, a move that was welcomed by Kyiv.
    • The potential Stryker deal is set to boost India’s defence manufacturing under the ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ initiative, with possible US Transfer of Technology (ToT) allowing joint production and integration into Indian armoured vehicles.

  • SEHER Program For Supporting Women Entrepreneurs

    Context:

    The SEHAR program, launched through a partnership between the WEP and TransUnion CIBIL, to significantly empower women entrepreneurs in India.

     

    About SEHAR Programme:

    Launched to address the lack of financial awareness among micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), particularly those owned by women. 

     

    Aims to empower women entrepreneurs in India with financial literacy and business skills.

     

    SEHER focuses on providing comprehensive support across various aspects:

    • Financial Literacy: Educating women on financial management, including understanding CIBIL Rank and credit reports.
    • Access to Finance: Facilitating easier finance access through enhanced credit awareness and education.
    • Business Growth: Supporting sustainable growth by equipping entrepreneurs with essential skills and knowledge.

     

    India has 63 million micro, small, and medium enterprises of which around 20% are women-owned, employing as many as 27 million people.

     

    Estimates suggest that by accelerating women’s entrepreneurship, India could create more than 30 million new women-owned enterprises, potentially creating 150 to 170 million more jobs.

    • It supports the goal of bolstering India’s economy by fostering inclusive growth through women’s entrepreneurship.

     

    Overall, it is a crucial step towards fostering a conducive environment for women entrepreneurs in India and promoting economic empowerment through enhanced financial education and access to credit.

     

    [stextbox id=’info’]

    Women Entrepreneurship Platform:

    • WEP was established in 2018 within NITI Aayog and later transitioned into a public-private partnership in 2022.
    • It aims to support women entrepreneurs across India by addressing information gaps and providing comprehensive support.

    TransUnion CIBIL:

    • It is a pioneering information and insights company in India. 
    • It plays a crucial role in enabling trust within the modern economy by offering actionable insights that ensure reliable marketplace representation.

    [/stextbox]

     

    [stextbox id=’info’]

    Some of The Initiatives For Women Entrepreneurs Empornment: 

    • Bhartiya Mahila Bank (BMB): business loan scheme offers loans up to ₹20 crores for women-owned manufacturing companies at 10.15% interest rate.
    • Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana provides funding to micro and small entrepreneurs, focusing on the unfunded.
    • Mahila Shakti Kendra: supports women with skill development, digital literacy, and employment opportunities.
    • Stree Shakti: provides personal loans up to ₹50 lakhs for women entrepreneurs.
    • Mudra Yojana: supports micro enterprises with loans up to ₹10 lakhs without collateral for women.
    • Stand-Up India Scheme: provides loans from ₹10 lakhs to ₹1 crore for SC/ST and women entrepreneurs.
    • Women’s Savings Bank Accounts cater to financial needs with exclusive benefits like discounts and rewards.
    • Annapurna Scheme: provides loans up to ₹50,000 for women in food catering businesses.

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  • Thazhakara Panchayat’s second volume of People’s Biodiversity Register

    Context:

    Thazhakara Panchayat (Kerala) has published the second volume of the People’s Biodiversity Register (PBR).

     

    More on News: 

    • Three other gram panchayats – Maruthonkara, Kadalundi, and Sreenarayanapuram have also submitted updated PBRs to Kerala State Biodiversity Board (KSBB)
    • The PBR plays a crucial role in conservation, sustainable resource utilisation, and protection of traditional knowledge.

     

    [stextbox id=’info’]

    Kerala’s PBR Efforts:

    • Kerala was the first state in India to publish the first volume of the PBR across all local bodies .
    • The KSBB aims to complete the updation of PBRs in 50% of local bodies in Kerala before the end of 2024 .

    [/stextbox]

     

    Key Biodiversity Findings:

    • The Indian black turtle (Indian pond terrapin) was once common in Thazhakara but its numbers have declined due to poaching for meat .
    • Populations of Indian garden lizards, barn owls, Indian flying foxes, and plants like henna and palash have also decreased .
    • Meanwhile, rock pigeons, rufous treepies, and other species have increased in number.
    • Thazhakara has 38 sacred groves, 10 paddy polders, and 35 ponds. 

     

    People’s Biodiversity Register (PBR)

    • Mandate: Section 41 of the Biological Diversity Act (2002) mandates the development of PBRs at local level.
    • Purpose: Contain information on locally available bio-resources, including the landscape and demography of a particular area or village. Bio-resources: Encompass plants, animals, microorganisms, or their genetic material and by-products (excluding value-added products) with actual or potential use or value, excluding human genetic material.
    • Focus: Conservation, sustainable use, Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS), and safeguarding traditional knowledge. It prioritises the conservation of threatened species and enhances biodiversity protection efforts at the grassroots level.
    • Management and Validation: PBRs are maintained and validated by Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs).
    • Integrating PBRs with BMC management plans and linking them to local body planning processes involving income-generating groups helps secure livelihoods and mainstream biodiversity issues effectively.

     

     

     


    The Indian black turtle:

    • A medium-sized omnivorous turtle species found across the Indian subcontinent. 
    • Distribution in India: Western Ghats, south of Gujrat, southeast coast, and parts of northern and northeastern India.  
    • The species is currently listed as Least Concern by the IUCN. 

     

    Indian Flying Fox (Pteropus Giganteus): 

    • It is a large bat species native to the Indian subcontinent. 
    • Inhabits tropical regions from Pakistan to China and as far south as the Maldives, roosting in trees like banyan, fig, and tamarind, often near water.
    • Listed in CITES Appendix II and Schedule II of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

     

  • Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

    Context:

    The SCO meeting in Kazakhstan’s capital Astana concluded with Belarus becoming the organisation’s 10th member.

     

    Key Highlights of the Visit:

    • Adopted the Astana Declaration and approved 25 strategic documents covering energy, security, trade, finance, and information security.
    • SCO member states endorsed the Initiative On World Unity for a Just Peace, Harmony and Development.
    • Members of the SCO also adopted the SCO Development Strategy until 2035.
    • Cooperation programs to combat terrorism, separatism, and extremism for 2025-2027, the Anti-Drug Strategy for the next five years.
    • Strategies for energy cooperation until 2030 and the Economic Development Strategy’s Action Plan until 2030 were also approved.

     

    About SCO:

    • The organisation was founded in 2001 in Shanghai. 
    • Initially, it consisted of six countries: Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. In 2017, India and Pakistan joined, followed by Iran in 2023 and now Belarus in 2024.
    • Permanent secretariat in Beijing, China.

     

    Significance of SCO:

    • Cooperation on Security: SCO is one of the few international organisations which deal with security issues.
    • Tackles human trafficking, weapons trafficking, and terrorism through the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS).
    • Collaborates with the CSTO (Central Security Treaty Organisation) to improve security, combat crime, and address drug trafficking.
    • Economic Cooperation: It prioritises joint energy projects, such as oil and gas exploration, water resource management, and funding initiatives through the SCO Interbank Consortium.
    • Promoting regional integration: SCO will help integrate Central Asian countries with the neighbouring landmass.

     

    India’s vision at SCO:

    • India’s priorities in SCO are shaped by the Prime Minister’s vision of a ‘SECURE’ SCO. SECURE stands for Security, Economic cooperation, Connectivity, Unity, Respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, and Environmental protection.

     

    Significance for India: 

    • Exercise of true multipolarity: Similar to Quad which is seen as a platform for regional balancing of China in the Indo pacific ,SCO  represents India’s diplomacy in the Eurasian landmass.
    • It acts as a platform of India-Russia collaboration to balance China’s rising influence in the Eurasian landmass (via the BRI project ).
    • Managing Afghanistan: Since India is not part of platforms for managing security threats due to Taliban rule, SCO acts as an important platform for engaging with countries on common security threats coming from Taliban.
    • Connectivity: The SCO prioritises connectivity and infrastructure development, aligning with India’s goals of enhancing connectivity with its neighbours and improving domestic infrastructure.
    • Counter-terrorism: The SCO prioritises counter-terrorism and security cooperation, addressing India’s concerns over its conflict with Pakistan and regional terrorism threats.

     

    Challenges for SCO:

    • India – China strained relation :India opposes the BRI because the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) passes through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK), challenging India’s territorial integrity and sovereignty and hindering collaboration between the two countries.
    • India – Pak rivalry:Due to state sponsored terrorism from Pakistan
    • Perception of being Anti- NATO platform:U.S. is wary of SCO’s potential to counterbalance Western influence and challenge U.S. interests in Asia and thus was not happy with India becoming its member.
    • Russia-China competition in the Central Asian region:– With the central asian region seen as the traditional backyard of Russia ,Beijing’s outreach to the Central Asian 5(C5)via the China Plus C5 summit and BRI projects is seen as challenging Russia influence in the region.

     

    Way forward:

    • Increasing Bilateral trade between India and Central Asian countries/Russia :Presently the trade among SCO members is hugely tilted in favour of China and thus there is need for alternate trading partners
    • Preferring national currencies in trade settlement can be a positive step in increasing trade.
    • Promoting cultural exchange via Tourism can increase people-to-people contact and thus, closer cooperation between nations.
  • Hormonal Control of Mosquito Bloodlust: New Insights from Michael Strand’s Study

    Hormonal Control of Mosquito Bloodlust: New Insights from Michael Strand’s Study

    Context:

    A new study of Entomologist Michael Strand of the University of Georgia has suggested that a pair of mosquito hormones work in tandem to activate or suppress the pesky insects’ blood cravings.

     

     

    About The Study:

    • Female mosquitoes consume animal blood to aid egg development.
    • After a blood meal, female mosquitoes lose their appetite for blood until they lay their eggs. Study investigated the mechanism controlling this cycle.
    • Levels of the mosquito gut hormone F(NPF) spike when mosquitoes search for a host and drop after feeding.
    • Further analysis of mosquito enteroendocrine cells showed NPF levels rise before feeding and fall six hours later.
    • NPF levels influence mosquitoes’ interest in humans, they ignore human blood post-feast but are attracted to it after laying eggs.
    • Another gut hormone, RYamide, also influences bloodlust, as NPF levels drop post-meal, RYamide levels rise, and vice versa.
        • NPF and RYamide work together to stimulate and suppress mosquitoes’ attraction to blood.

     

    Significance of the Study:

    • The discovery could provide new pesticide targets for preventing mosquito reproduction and disease transmission.
    • Mosquitoes are the deadliest animals on the planet, acting as vectors for diseases like malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, yellow fever, Zika, chikungunya, and lymphatic filariasis.
    • These diseases collectively kill more people than any other creature.
    • Climate change is making mosquitoes more prevalent, spreading diseases like dengue to previously too cold regions.

     

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    5 Surprising Facts About Mosquitoes:

    • Only female mosquitoes bite.  
    • Mosquitoes prefer darker colours.  
    • Mosquitoes do prefer to bite some people over others.  
    • A full moon makes mosquitoes more active.  
    • Mosquitoes need only one tablespoon of water to breed. 

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