The Study IAS

Tag: Defence

  • Charting a New Course: Transforming India’s Maritime Future

    Charting a New Course: Transforming India’s Maritime Future

    Transforming India’s Maritime Future.

    India, blessed with over 7,500 kilometres of coastline, has always depended on its seas for trade and economic growth. Today, about 95% of India’s trade happens through its ports, highlighting the importance of the maritime sector. Despite this, the sector is governed by outdated laws such as the Merchant Shipping Act of 1958 and the Coasting Vessels Act of 1838, which are no longer sufficient to address the complexities of modern shipping. Recognising this, the government has introduced the Merchant Shipping Bill, 2024, and the Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024, aimed at transforming the industry. These reforms promise to modernise India’s shipping sector, improve safety, and align its practices with global standards of sustainability and efficiency.

     

    Why India Needs New Shipping Laws

    India’s shipping laws were created at a time when the industry was far simpler. However, modern ships, advanced technologies, and global trade agreements have significantly changed the landscape. The old laws fail to address many critical challenges. For instance, offshore vessels, like those used in oil drilling, are not properly governed, creating safety and operational risks. Similarly, outdated rules make it difficult for businesses to compete in today’s globalised shipping industry.

    Another major concern is the welfare of Indian seafarers. Indian sailors make up a large portion of the global maritime workforce, but current laws do not adequately protect those working on foreign-flagged ships. Environmental issues also demand urgent attention. Shipping significantly contributes to marine pollution, but older laws do not provide adequate measures to address this problem. Additionally, there are over 160 private maritime training institutes in India, many of which operate without proper regulation, affecting the quality of education and opportunities for students.

    The new bills aim to solve these issues by ensuring better regulations, improving safety, protecting the environment, and supporting the welfare of seafarers. By modernising the maritime sector, India hopes to align its practices with international standards, paving the way for a sustainable and prosperous future.

     

    Key Features of the Merchant Shipping Bill, 2024

    The Merchant Shipping Bill, 2024 brings several key reforms to modernise India’s maritime framework. One of the most significant changes is simplifying ship registration. Previously, only companies fully owned by Indian citizens could register ships under the Indian flag. Now, the ownership threshold has been reduced to 51%, allowing Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs), and Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) to register ships in India. This change is expected to attract foreign investment, making the Indian shipping industry globally competitive. Besides, temporary registration is now allowed for ships heading for recycling, which will benefit ship recycling hubs like Alang.

    Another critical feature is the broader definition of vessels. The bill now includes various crafts such as submersibles, drones, and semi-submersibles, ensuring that all types of vessels are regulated and monitored for safety. The bill also emphasises reducing marine pollution by aligning with global standards like the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). Measures such as banning single-use plastics and enforcing the use of cleaner fuels will significantly reduce the environmental impact of shipping.

    Seafarer welfare is another priority. The bill ensures that Indian sailors working on foreign-flagged ships receive the same protections as those on Indian-flagged vessels. This includes adherence to the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) for better working conditions and safety. Additionally, the bill regulates maritime training institutes, introducing clear rules to ensure quality and eliminate unauthorised institutions.

     

    Key Features of the Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024

    The Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024 focuses on maximising the use of India’s coastal waters. Licensing and permissions for coastal vessels have been simplified, making operations more efficient. The bill integrates coastal shipping with inland waterways, creating a seamless network for transporting goods and passengers.

    The bill also encourages the use of Indian-built ships by offering incentives, boosting the country’s shipbuilding and repair industries and creating more job opportunities. Like the Merchant Shipping Bill, this legislation emphasises environmental sustainability, promoting green practices such as using cleaner fuels and adopting technologies to reduce emissions. Moreover, it supports the growth of coastal tourism by facilitating passenger services like cruises and sightseeing tours, which will help diversify the economy and create more employment in coastal areas.

     

    How These Reforms Will Benefit India

    The new maritime laws bring numerous benefits to India. Economic growth is one of the most significant outcomes. By simplifying processes and attracting both domestic and foreign investment, these laws will boost the ship recycling and shipbuilding industries, creating jobs and strengthening the economy.

    Safer shipping is another major advantage. The new laws ensure better safety standards by regulating all types of vessels, including offshore crafts and smaller boats. Enhanced safety measures will also improve maritime security along India’s vast coastline, making it better equipped to handle potential threats. Environmentally, these reforms align with global conventions, promoting cleaner practices and reducing the environmental impact of shipping. Measures such as banning single-use plastics and enforcing cleaner fuels will preserve marine ecosystems.

    The laws also aim to improve the lives of Indian seafarers. Whether working on Indian or foreign-flagged ships, they will now receive better protections and improved working conditions, enhancing their quality of life and job satisfaction. Furthermore, regulating maritime training institutes will ensure that students receive high-quality education, preparing them for global opportunities while eliminating fraudulent institutions.

     

    Challenges and Implementation

    While the new laws are promising, their implementation poses several challenges. Transitioning from outdated systems to modern frameworks requires extensive training for officials and building capacity across the sector. Balancing the interests of foreign investors with the needs of domestic businesses is another significant challenge. Additionally, modernising ports, vessels, and infrastructure demands substantial financial resources, which could strain smaller operators.

    Addressing these challenges will require strong government support, collaboration with industry stakeholders, and careful planning to ensure smooth and effective implementation.

     

    Strategic Importance of Shipping for India

    India’s strategic location makes it a vital player in global trade. The new maritime laws will allow the country to leverage this advantage by boosting trade, attracting investment, and enhancing regional connectivity. Coastal shipping and integrated inland waterways will reduce logistics costs, easing the burden on road and rail transport and cutting delivery times.

    Stronger regional trade will result from improved coastal operations, fostering cooperation with neighbouring countries. By adopting sustainable practices such as green technologies, India can lead in eco-friendly maritime operations, setting an example for other nations. This approach not only preserves marine ecosystems but also positions India as a global leader in sustainable shipping.

     

    Conclusion

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    The Merchant Shipping Bill, 2024, and the Coastal Shipping Bill, 2024, represent bold and necessary steps for India’s maritime sector. By addressing outdated laws and introducing modern practices, these reforms promise to make the sector safer, more efficient, and globally competitive. If effectively implemented, they will unlock India’s potential as a maritime powerhouse, boosting the economy, protecting the environment, and improving the welfare of seafarers. With strong collaboration and strategic planning, India is poised to lead the way in sustainable and innovative maritime operations, ensuring a brighter future for the industry and the nation.

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  • Building a Resilient Counter-Terrorism Framework: India’s Unified Response to Modern Threats

    Building a Resilient Counter-Terrorism Framework: India’s Unified Response to Modern Threats

    A New Era in Counter-Terrorism.

    The Anti-Terror Conference 2024, organised by India’s National Investigation Agency (NIA), represents a pivotal moment in the country’s approach to combating terrorism. Held over two days and led by Union Home Minister Amit Shah, this conference underscored India’s commitment to a unified, multi-level strategy against terrorism. Bringing together senior police officials, intelligence officers, and experts across disciplines, the event emphasised India’s “whole of government” approach—a collaboration between central and state agencies, law enforcement, and intelligence bodies working together to combat the evolving and increasingly borderless threat of terrorism​​.

    The conference’s agenda highlighted not only the immediate need to address domestic terrorism but also the importance of partnerships and advanced technologies in securing India’s future. Key discussions covered strengthening legal frameworks, the integration of new surveillance technologies, and strategies to dismantle terror networks. As India faces a range of security challenges across regions, a cohesive approach like the one outlined at the conference is crucial for effective action. This essay explores India’s current terrorism threats, key components of a coordinated approach, the challenges ahead, and recommendations for a sustainable, resilient strategy.

    Counter-Terrorism Framework

    Understanding India’s Regional Terrorism Threats

    India’s security challenges vary widely across its regions, from cross-border terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir to insurgencies in the northeast and left-wing extremism in central India. Each of these threats requires a specialised response, as outlined in the conference discussions.

    1. Cross-Border Terrorism in Northwest India: The state of Jammu and Kashmir is particularly vulnerable to cross-border terrorism, primarily from groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed. These groups, often with external support, attempt to infiltrate India’s borders, threatening security and sovereignty. India’s counter-terrorism measures in this region include advanced border surveillance technologies, such as drones and thermal imaging, that detect and prevent infiltration. The Anti-Terror Conference 2024 reiterated the need for persistent vigilance, community cooperation, and international partnerships to counter these complex threats in border areas​​.
    2. Insurgencies in Northeast India: States like Assam, Manipur, Nagaland, and Mizoram face insurgencies rooted in long-standing grievances and ethnic conflicts. Insurgent groups in these regions often call for autonomy, driven by a history of political and economic marginalisation. The Indian government’s response has combined security measures with economic initiatives, such as improved infrastructure and job creation, to reduce support for these movements. Community involvement, along with strategic negotiations, has proven effective in easing tensions, though the situation requires ongoing attention​​.
    3. Left-Wing Extremism in Central India’s Red Corridor: Left-wing extremism in central India, particularly in the “Red Corridor” of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha, is primarily led by the Naxalite movement. This group draws support from disenfranchised communities, using issues like land rights and economic inequality to gain influence. The government’s counter-extremism efforts include security operations and socioeconomic initiatives like land reforms, healthcare improvements, and job creation, aimed at addressing the root causes of discontent. The Anti-Terror Conference 2024 emphasised a balanced approach of both security and development to counteract left-wing extremism effectively​.

     

    Key Components of India’s Unified Counter-Terrorism Strategy

    The Anti-Terror Conference 2024 highlighted five essential elements for India’s counter-terrorism strategy, stressing the importance of a collaborative, multi-faceted approach.

    1. Enhanced Border Security and Surveillance: To address cross-border terrorism, India has invested in state-of-the-art border security measures, especially in regions like Jammu and Kashmir. Drones, thermal cameras, and AI-enabled surveillance help monitor and detect illegal border crossings, enhancing India’s capacity to respond swiftly to threats. This advanced surveillance was identified as a core element in the conference, aimed at strengthening security and reducing the impact of cross-border infiltration​​.
    2. Intelligence Sharing and International Partnerships: The conference underscored the importance of intelligence sharing with international allies, such as Israel and the United States, in enhancing India’s counter-terrorism capabilities. These partnerships facilitate the exchange of surveillance techniques and technological expertise, improving India’s ability to detect and counter potential threats. Expanding such alliances will further bolster India’s counter-terrorism resilience​​.
    3. Community Engagement and Local Law Enforcement: In insurgency-affected regions, local law enforcement and community leaders play a vital role in gathering intelligence and building trust. The conference promoted training for local law enforcement in specialised tactics, along with increased involvement in community activities to reduce the risk of recruitment by militant groups. This grassroots approach contributes to long-term peace and stability, helping communities become part of the solution​​.
    4. Balancing Security Measures with Civil Liberties: While laws such as the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) grant extensive powers to security forces in sensitive regions, they also raise civil rights concerns. The conference highlighted the need for oversight mechanisms and fair compensation for civilians impacted by security actions, promoting a balance between effective counter-terrorism and the protection of democratic values​​.
    5. Socioeconomic Development Initiatives: Addressing the underlying causes of extremism, such as poverty and lack of opportunity, is essential for long-term stability. Programmes focused on improving healthcare, education, and job prospects in regions affected by left-wing extremism are part of India’s strategy to reduce support for militant groups. This developmental approach was stressed at the conference as a way to address grievances and prevent the spread of extremism​​.

     

    Challenges in Implementing a Cohesive Strategy

    Despite the comprehensive approach outlined at the conference, India faces several challenges in executing a unified counter-terrorism strategy. These challenges stem from the country’s federal structure, coordination issues among agencies, and balancing security needs with civil liberties.

    1. Federal Structure and Jurisdictional Boundaries: India’s federal system, where states primarily manage law and order, complicates the establishment of a consistent national counter-terrorism policy. Initiatives like the National Counter-Terrorism Centre (NCTC) have encountered resistance from states worried about federal overreach. The conference emphasised the need for collaborative strategies that respect both state autonomy and national security needs​​.
    2. Coordination and Bureaucratic Hurdles: Fragmented intelligence sharing among agencies, such as the Intelligence Bureau (IB) and the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), limits counter-terrorism effectiveness. Clear communication protocols and an improved collaborative culture are necessary for more effective coordination. The conference underscored that addressing these bureaucratic barriers is essential for a streamlined counter-terrorism effort​​.
    3. Balancing Security and Civil Rights: Laws like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) grant security forces broad powers but have drawn criticism for potential misuse. Oversight and accountability mechanisms are critical to maintaining public trust while ensuring security measures are effective. The conference emphasised the importance of integrating civil rights protections into India’s counter-terrorism laws​​.

     

    Recommendations for Strengthening India’s Counter-Terrorism Strategy

    To build on the Anti-Terror Conference 2024’s progress and address the challenges discussed, several recommendations can enhance India’s counter-terrorism approach:

    1. Establish the National Counter-Terrorism Centre (NCTC): A centralised NCTC with clear guidelines for collaboration between states and the central government would streamline intelligence sharing and strengthen India’s response to terrorist threats. This agency would serve as a central intelligence hub, coordinating efforts among multiple security forces​​.
    2. Develop Targeted Socioeconomic Programmes: Addressing the socioeconomic roots of extremism is vital. Development initiatives tailored to local needs—such as land reforms, healthcare improvements, and job creation—can reduce support for militant groups and foster stability. This recommendation aligns with the conference’s emphasis on sustainable, peace-promoting strategies​​.
    3. Revise Counter-Terrorism Legislation: Updating counter-terrorism laws to reflect international human rights standards and establishing independent oversight mechanisms can prevent abuse. These changes are essential for balancing security needs with civil rights, ensuring public trust and support for government initiatives​.
    4. Enhance Technology for Border and Remote Surveillance: Investing in advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence and remote surveillance tools, can bolster India’s border security and improve monitoring of internal threats. The conference highlighted technology as a cornerstone of effective modern counter-terrorism efforts​​.
    5. Strengthen Community Policing and Engagement Programmes: Community-based programmes that address local grievances and engage residents in counter-terrorism efforts can build trust and discourage support for militant groups. The conference endorsed this approach as a way to create regionally relevant, long-lasting solutions​​.

     

    Conclusion

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”0xfiorzq4c” question=”Is this helpful ? ” opened=”0″]

    The Anti-Terror Conference 2024 has set a new course for India’s counter-terrorism strategy by promoting a comprehensive, collaborative approach that involves all levels of government, law enforcement, and intelligence. This “whole of government” approach, backed by technology and community engagement, aims to address India’s terrorism challenges from every angle.

    Moving forward, India’s commitment to establishing a centralised coordination centre, implementing socioeconomic development initiatives, and balancing civil liberties with security measures can ensure that its counter-terrorism strategy is both robust and adaptable. With consistent effort and cooperation, India can build a secure, cohesive society that upholds both national security and democratic principles, remaining resilient against evolving threats.

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  • INS Arighaat

    Context:

    The Indian Navy commissioned its second Arihant-Class submarine, INS Arighaat, in Visakhapatnam.

     

    More on news:

    • It would further bolster India’s nuclear triad, enhance nuclear deterrence, contribute to strategic stability and peace in the region, and play a crucial role in national security. 
    • These submarines are difficult to detect and can evade a surprise first strike, enabling India to carry out retaliatory attacks if needed.

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            India’s Nuclear Triad :

    It is a comprehensive military strategy that ensures the country has a credible second-strike capability through three distinct components: land-based missiles, nuclear-powered submarines, and strategic bombers. This triad enhances India’s deterrence posture and is crucial for maintaining national security.

    Land-Based Missiles: India possesses a variety of land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and short-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs). Notable examples include the Agni series, with ranges varying from 700 km (Agni-1) to 7,000 km (Agni-5). These missiles provide a robust ground-based deterrent against potential adversaries.

    Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs): The introduction of nuclear-powered submarines, particularly the INS Arihant and its successor INS Arighaat, has significantly bolstered India’s underwater deterrence capabilities. These submarines can carry K-15 and K-4 missiles, allowing for stealthy and survivable second-strike options. 

    Strategic Bombers: India’s strategic air capability includes aircraft like the Sukhoi Su-30MKI, Mirage 2000H, and Rafale, which can deliver nuclear bombs and missiles. 

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    INS Arighaat, with its advanced technology, represents a significant upgrade over its predecessor, INS Arihant. The addition of both INS Arihant and INS Arighaat will enhance India’s deterrent capability and safeguard its national interests.

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    The third nuclear-powered submarine, INS Aridhaman, is currently under construction and is reported to be larger and more advanced, with an estimated weight of around 7,000 tonnes. This submarine will feature additional vertical launch tubes and will be capable of carrying ballistic missiles with a range exceeding 3,000 km.

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    About

    INS Arighaat and INS Arihant are both nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) of the Indian Navy, representing significant advancements in India’s maritime defence capabilities. Below is a comparison highlighting their key features and enhancements.

     

  • India’s  Rising Defence Export 

    Context:

    Indian Defence exports touched a record Rs 21,083 crore in the Financial Year (FY) 2023-24, a growth of 32.5% over the last fiscal when the figure was Rs 15,920 crore. The recent figures indicate that the defence exports have grown by 31 times in the last 10 years as compared to FY 2013-14.

     

    About rising India’s Defence export:

    • The Ministry of Defence aims to further increase exports to ₹50,000 crore yearly  in the next 5 years starting 2028-29.
    • The private sector contributed 60% to total exports, while Defense PSUs accounted for 40%.
    • Ongoing negotiations aim to expand exports of the BrahMos NG and other systems to countries including South Africa, UAE, and Saudi Arabia.
    • Major export destinations include Myanmar (50%), Sri Lanka (25%), Armenia (11%), Mauritius (6.6%), Mozambique (5%), and Seychelles (2.3%)

     

    Government steps:

    Earmarking Defense Budget:

        • India plans to allocate 75% of its defence capital budget towards procurements from domestic sources, emphasising self-reliance.

     

    Indigenisation Lists:

        • The government has identified 3,738 items for indigenization, imposing an embargo on imports beyond specified timelines. 

     

    Defense Industrial Corridors:

        • Two defence industrial corridors are being established in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu to facilitate the growth of the defence manufacturing sector and attract private investment.

     

    Private Sector Engagement:

        • In the 2022-23 budget, 25% of the defence research budget was earmarked for the private sector to foster innovation and develop niche technologies.

     

    Increase in Export Authorisations

    • The number of export authorizations issued to defence exports increased from 1,414 in FY 2022-23 to 1,507 in FY 2023-24.
    • Export authorisation in defence is government-issued permission to export defence-related goods, technologies, or services, ensuring compliance with national security regulations and international obligations.
    • Export Promotion Councils facilitate collaboration between Indian and foreign companies, streamline export processes, offer financial incentives, and promote Indian defence products internationally.
    • The Defence Offset Policy requires foreign companies to invest a percentage of their contract value in Indian businesses, boosting local production and capabilities
    • Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) fosters innovation by promoting collaboration between startups, academia, and the defence industry, enhancing India’s global competitiveness in defence technology.
    • Till now, procurement worth over Rs 2,300 crore, has been cleared by the MoD for the successful iDEX projects.
    • Strategic Partnerships:Agreements with countries like USA, Russia, France, Israel, and Japan for joint development and production of defence equipment.
    • INDUS-X (India-US Defence Acceleration Ecosystem) initiative which is strengthening the technology partnership and defence industrial cooperation between the two countries.
    • Defence Expo and Aero India: International exhibitions hosted in India to showcase Indian defence capabilities and promote exports.

     

    Challenges:

    Quality and Technology Gap:

        • Perception of lower quality compared to Western or Russian equipment
        • Lag in cutting-edge technologies in some areas

     

    After-Sales Support:

        • Building robust global support and maintenance networks
        • Ensuring spare parts availability and timely servicing

     

    Geopolitical Considerations:

        • Export decisions often influenced by geopolitical alignments
        • Balancing act required between strategic partnerships and export ambitions.

     

  • DRDO Develops Lightest Bullet-Proof Jacket for Enhanced Protection

    Context:

    The Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) has developed a new Bullet Proof Jacket (BPJ) featuring the lightest Front Hard Armor Panel (FHAP).

     

    More on News:

    • The BPJ comes in two configurations: In-Conjunction-With (ICW) and Standalone, each with different areal densities of the FHAP.
    • The process of transferring this technology to Indian industries has been initiated under DRDO’s Transfer of Technology (ToT) Policy and procedure.

     

    About Bullet Proof Jacket:

    • Designed by the Defense Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment (DMSRDE) in Kanpur.
    • The areal density of the Hard Armor Panel (HAP) is less than 40 kg/m² for the In-Conjunction-With (ICW) design and 43 kg/m² for the standalone design.
    • It meets BIS standard 17051 and is the lightest Level 6 BPJ, weighing approximately 10.1 kg for medium size. It was successfully tested at the Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL) in Chandigarh.
    • It features a monolithic ceramic plate with a polymer backing, enhancing both protection and comfort. 
    • Enhances wearability and comfort during operations and includes a Quick Release Mechanism (QRM) among other features.
    • It offers protection against the maximum threat of 7.62×54 R Armour-Piercing (AP) and Armour-Piercing Incendiary (API) rounds.

  • Bailey Bridges in Wayanad

    Context:

    The Indian Army’s Madras Engineer Group constructed a “Bailey bridge”  at Chooralmala to access Mundakkai village, one of the areas hardest hit by recent events.

     

    More on News:

    • Kerala’s Wayanad district was struck by devastating landslides, resulting in the tragic deaths of over 219 people with 206 individuals still missing.
    • The continued rainfall has compounded the difficulties faced by rescue and relief operations. To address these challenges, they constructed a crucial 190-foot Bailey bridge.

     

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    Historical Background

    • The bridge was invented by Donald Coleman Bailey, an English civil engineer, during World War II (1939-45).
    • It was introduced in 1941, Bailey’s design was intended to be quickly assembled and disassembled under challenging conditions, including enemy fire. 

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    What is a Bailey Bridge?

    • It is a modular bridge designed for rapid assembly and deployment.
    • Its modular design consists of light steel panels and beams that are connected using pins—large screw-like objects. 
    • It is made of pre-fabricated steel panels connected by pins, forming the guardrails.
    • Beams are placed on these guardrails to create the bridge deck, with all components designed to lock in place for stability. 
    • Its lightweight parts allow for easy transport and assembly without heavy equipment, making it ideal for disaster relief and wartime situations.

     

    Bailey Bridges in India:

    India has a historical connection with the Bailey Bridge, inherited from its colonial past. 

    The Indian armed forces have utilised these bridges in various critical situations:

    • 1971 Indo-Pakistan War: Used for strategic purposes during the conflict.
    • India-China Border: Employed in strategically important areas such as Arunachal Pradesh.
    • Uttarakhand 2021: Constructed after flash floods to restore connectivity.

     

     

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    Modular Bridge

    • The 46-metre modular bridge was inducted at the Manekshaw Centre in New Delhi.
    • It was developed jointly by the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) and Larsen & Toubro (L&T).
    • It is a mechanically-launched, single-span, fully-decked assault bridge designed to overcome obstacles like canals and ditches with ease.
    • The bridge offers increased span, reduced construction time, and mechanical launching with retrieval capability, replacing the manually launched medium girder bridges (MGBs) currently in use.
    • Each set consists of seven carrier vehicles based on 8×8 heavy mobility vehicles and two launcher vehicles based on 10×10 heavy mobility vehicles.
    • Strategic Importance: Over the next four years, 41 sets valued at Rs 2,585 crore will be progressively inducted.
    • This move enhances the Army’s operational effectiveness and showcases India’s growing prominence in defence technology and manufacturing.

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  • Multilateral Exercise Tarang Shakti

    Context:

    India is scheduled to host its largest multilateral air exercise, “Tarang Shakti,” in August and September 2024 with the aim to showcase its defence capabilities and promote interoperability among the participating nations.

     

    Tarang Shakti: 

    • It is the largest multilateral exercise hosted by the Indian Air Force (IAF) and this exercise will take place in two phases.
    • Phase 1: August 6-14 at Sulur, Tamil Nadu, featuring participation from Germany, France, Spain, and the UK
    • Phase 2: September 1-14 at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, involving countries like the US, Australia, Greece, Singapore, and the UAE.
    • Each phase will see 70-80 air assets in action. 
    • The IAF will deploy over 40 aircraft in both phases, including indigenous platforms and frontline fighters. 
    • India’s participation will feature the LCA Tejas, Mirage 2000, Rafale, LCH Prachand, Dhruv, and Rudra, showcasing its indigenous products.
    • Rafale from France, Typhoon from Germany, F-18 from Australia and F-16 from Greece, among others, will participate in the ‘Tarang Shakti’ exercise.
    • Participation: Invitations have been extended to 51 countries, with 10 confirmed to bring their aircraft and 18 as observers. One additional country may join the exercise.

     

    Objectives:

    • Interoperability and Best Practices: To enhance interoperability among participating nations and share best practices in air operations.
    • Showcasing Indigenous Capabilities: Highlight India’s indigenous defence industry, showcasing platforms like Light Combat Aircraft (LCA), Advanced Light Helicopter & others in line with Atma Nirbharta initiative.
    • Cultural and Diplomatic Relations: Cultural exchanges are planned to strengthen ties with participating nations, fostering mutual trust and cooperation.

     

    The flying exercises will encompass: 

    • Within visual range (WVR) and beyond visual range (BVR) combat missions, large force engagements (LFE), air mobility operations, low light operations, dynamic targeting, air-to-air refuelling missions, combat search and rescue, protection of high-value aerial assets, as well as busting and mixed formation air-to-air refuelling missions involving MRTT and IL-78 aircraft.
    • Defence Exposition: A defence industrial exposition will occur alongside the exercise, featuring 68 participants from various sectors, including public and private defence firms.
    • It will showcase India’s indigenous defence ecosystem and resolve for Atma Nirbharta.

  • Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS)

    Context:

    The Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully flight-tested the Phase-II Ballistic Missile Defence System at the Integrated Test Range (ITR) in Chandipur, Odisha on July 24, 2024.

     

    Key Highlights:

    • This test validates India’s indigenous capability to defend against ballistic missiles with a range of up to 5,000 kilometres.
    • The target missile was launched from LC-IV Dhamra.
    • Land and sea-based weapon system radars detected the target missile and activated the AD Interceptor system.
    • The Phase-II AD Endo-atmospheric missile was launched from LC-III at ITR, Chandipur.
      • The missile met all trial objectives, validating a complete network-centric warfare weapon system.
    • Long Range Sensors, Low latency communication system, MCC (Mission Control Center), Advanced Interceptor missiles.
      • The missile’s performance was monitored using flight data from Range tracking instruments.
        • Including Electro-Optical Systems, Radar, and Telemetry Stations deployed by ITR  at various locations (including onboard a ship).
    • Indigenous Technology:
    • The Phase-II AD Endo-atmospheric missile is a two-stage solid-propelled ground-launched system.
    • It neutralises various enemy ballistic missile threats in the altitude bracket from endo to low exo-atmospheric regions.
    • It incorporates state-of-the-art indigenous technologies developed by various DRDO laboratories.

     

    Ballistic vs Cruise Missile

     

  • INS Brahmaputra

    Context:

    The Indian Navy warship INS Brahmaputra, a frontline guided missile frigate, recently suffered severe damages due to a fire incident while undergoing maintenance at the naval dockyard in Mumbai.

     

     

    About INS Brahmaputra:

    • It is built by the state-run Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited.
    • The ship is named after the Brahmaputra River flowing through Assam. 
    • The ship’s crest depicts a grey, one-horned Indian rhinoceros on a brown background over white and blue sea waves.
    • It is the first indigenously built ship in the Brahmaputra class of guided missile frigates.
    • It was commissioned into the Indian Navy in April 2000.
    • This class of frigates represents an indigenous upgrade on the Godavari class of frigates and replaces the Talwar class.
    • The ship is fitted with medium-range, close range and anti-aircraft guns, surface-to-surface and surface-to-air missiles and torpedo launchers.
    • It has a wide array of sensors covering all facets of maritime warfare and is capable of operating Seaking and Chetak helicopters.
    • The next two ships in the class, INS Betwa and INS Beas were similarly named after rivers, with INS Brahmaputra serving as the lead ship.
    • It is armed with an advanced arsenal that includes surface-to-surface and surface-to-air missiles, medium-range guns, anti-submarine rockets, radars, sonars, and sophisticated electronic warfare systems.
    • INS Brahmaputra, measuring 125 meters in length and 14.4 meters in beam, displaces 5,300 tonnes and can achieve speeds exceeding 27 knots.

  • U.S. and South Korea Sign Joint Nuclear Deterrence Guidelines

    Context: The U.S. and South Korea signed new joint nuclear deterrence guidelines, weeks after North Korea and Russia struck a defence pact that raised concerns in the region about the North’s growing nuclear threats.

     

    About the Guideline:

    • Any nuclear attack by North Korea against South Korea will be met with “a swift, overwhelming and decisive response”.
    • The agreement calls for integrating U.S. nuclear assets and South Korean conventional weapons to better respond to North Korean nuclear threats.
    • The guideline formalises the deployment of U.S. nuclear assets on and around the Korean peninsula to deter and respond to potential nuclear attacks by the North.
    • South Korea has no nuclear weapons.
    • Two countries will conduct joint military exercises to help implement the deterrence guidelines.

     

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    US Policy on North Korea Nuclear Programme:

    • The United Nations and the United States ratcheted up sanctions when North Korea conducted nuclear and ballistic missile tests in 2017.
    • Washington has demanded complete, verifiable and irreversible denuclearisation before sanctions can be lifted, a position Pyongyang has denounced as “gangster-like. 

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    North – Korea’s View: 

    • Accused its rivals of using the consultation group to plot a nuclear attack on the North.
    • Last year, the U.S. and South Korea launched the bilateral consultation body to enhance information-sharing on nuclear and strategic operations.

     

    Need for joint nuclear deterrence guidelines:

    • North Korea’s developing nuclear arsenal is a major security threat to South Korea, which has no nuclear weapons and largely relies on the U.S. “nuclear umbrella”.
    • North Korean weapons tests show the country is getting closer to acquiring long-range nuclear missiles capable of reaching the U.S. mainland.
    • Analysts believe North Korea has 20 to 60 nuclear warheads.
    • North Korea and Russia in June signed a deal requiring each country to provide aid to the other if it is attacked, and vowed to boost other cooperation.
    • Accord represents the strongest connection between the two countries since the end of the Cold War.

  • Camcopter S-100

    Context: India is collaborating with Austrian company Schiebel to harness the capabilities of the Camcopter S-100 rotary unmanned aerial system (UAS) for the Indian Navy.

     

     

    About Camcopter S-100:

    • Suitable for both military and civilian applications.
    • Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL): Requires no prepared area or supporting launch/recovery equipment.
    • Operational Flexibility: Capable of operating day and night under adverse weather conditions. Effective on both land and at sea.
    • Operational range: 200 km.
    • Navigation: Automatic navigation via pre-programmed GPS waypoints.
      • Can also be operated directly with a pilot control unit.
    • Advanced Technology: Uses “fly-by-wire” technology controlled by redundant flight computers. 
      • Can complete missions automatically in complex electromagnetic environments.
    • Extreme Environment Operations: Effective in conditions from -40°C to +55°C.
    • Operational Ceiling and Endurance: Service ceiling of up to 12,000 feet, endurance exceeding 6 hours with a full fuel load and 34 kg of payload.
    • Maritime Suitability: Small footprint, no need for launch or recovery equipment, corrosion-resistant materials, and capability to operate in GPS-denied environments.

     

  • Zorawar Light Battle Tank

    Context:

    Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) introduced the Zorawar light battle tank as a strategic measure to counter Chinese military presence in high-altitude regions.

     

     

    Zorawar Light Battle Tank

    • Weight: 25 tonnes
    • Development: Indigenously developed by DRDO and Larsen and Toubro (L&T)
    • Deployment Area: India-China border

     

    Design and Capabilities:

    • Terrain Navigation: It is capable of navigating steep mountains. It can handle a 20-degree incline with ease and is engineered for inclines exceeding 30 degrees. 
    • Amphibious Capabilities: Efficient at crossing rivers and water bodies
    • Transportability: Air-transportable

     

    Key Features:

    ⇒ 105-mm rifled gun

    ⇒ Multi-Ranging Sensor (MRS)

    ⇒ BEL Remote Weapon Station (RWS)

    ⇒ Safran Paseo optics

    ⇒ Two Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGMs)

    ⇒ Light Weight Rifle (LWR)

    ⇒ Active Protection System (APS)

    ⇒ Add-on modular armour blocks

    ⇒ Composite Rubber Tracks (CRT) 

     

    The Indian Army is expected to induct the Zorawar tank by 2027 after all trials are completed.

  • Anti-Radiation missile Rudram-1

    Anti-Radiation missile Rudram-1

    Context:

    India has successfully test-fired its first indigenous anti-radiation missile, the Rudram-1, developed by the DRDO for the Indian Air Force (IAF).

     

     

    About Rudram- 1:

    • The missile is integrated on SU-30 MKI fighter aircraft as the launch platform, having capability of varying ranges based on launch conditions. 
    • It has INS-GPS navigation with Passive Homing Head for accurately hitting radiation emitting targets. 
    • It is an Air – to surface missile.
    • The missile can be launched from varying altitudes, ranging from 500 metres to 15 kilometres, and has a range of up to 250 kilometres.
    • Speed 0.6 to 2 Mach and uses Solid fuel.
    • The country has established indigenous capability to develop long range air launched anti-radiation missiles for neutralising enemy Radars, communication sites and other RF emitting targets.
    • However, they can also be directed at jammers and communication radios.

     

    Technology:

    • An Inertial Navigation System (INS) is a navigation aid that uses accelerometers and gyroscopes to calculate the position, orientation, and velocity of a moving object. 
    • It does this autonomously, without relying on external signals like GPS, making it essential for applications in aerospace, marine, military, and autonomous vehicles.
    • The Passive Homing Head can detect, classify and engage targets over a wide band of frequencies as programmed.
    • This precision is crucial for Suppression of Enemy Air Defence (SEAD) operations.

     

    Significance :

    • Modern warfare is increasingly network-centric, involving advanced detection, surveillance, and communication systems integrated with weapons systems.
  • Indigenous conventional submarine -Project-76

    Indigenous conventional submarine -Project-76

    Context: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has taken up a preliminary study on the design and development of an indigenous conventional submarine under Project-76.

     

    About Project – 76 

    • The project is a collaborative effort between DRDO and the warship design bureau of the Indian Navy.
    • The Navy has a 30-year submarine building programme and after the P-75I(India), it intends to design and build conventional submarines indigenously.
    • Under P-76, there will be substantial indigenous content, including weapons, missiles, combat management system, sonars, communications, Electronic Warfare suite, mast and periscope.
    • The Indian Navy wants to build 12 conventional diesel-electric submarines with AIP systems, indigenous Weapon Control systems, & Lithium-ion batteries. under Project 76. 

     

    Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) System

    • Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) module designed and developed by DRDO is undergoing refitment on the Scorpene class submarine Kalvari is expected in 2025.
    • AIP module acts as a force multiplier as it enables conventional submarines to remain submerged for longer duration thereby increasing their endurance and reducing chances of detection.
    • DRDO-developed AIP module is phosphoric acid based which is widely available.
    • An AIP module has a stack of  24 fuel cells generating hydrogen.
    • Components: This system operates with two primary components: a fuel and an oxidant. These components generate electricity through either a heat engine (e.g., closed cycle diesel) or an electrochemical cell (e.g., lead acid batteries, fuel cells).
    • Working Principle:
      • Diesel-electric submarines are susceptible to detection while snorkelling. This vulnerability was addressed by employing nuclear power though this solution is costly to implement.
      • To achieve long underwater endurance more economically, fuel cells have been utilised. These cells can be recharged by the diesel engine and serve as an auxiliary energy source during underwater operations, allowing for extended submersion.

     

     

  • Mirage 2000

    Context:

    Qatar and India discuss selling Mirage 2000 fighters to the Indian Air Force, boosting its combat strength as legacy MiG fighters are retired.

     

    About Mirage 2000: 

    • The Mirage 2000 is a French multirole, single-engine fourth-generation fighter jet. 
    • Manufacturer: Dassault Aviation
    • First flight: 10 March 1978
    • The jet is available as a single-seater or two-seater multirole fighter. 
    • Combat weight: 21,000 pounds
    • Range: 1,550km
    • Maximum Speed: Mach 2.2 (2,530 km/h)
    • Approach Speed: 140 knots (259 km/h)
    • It has a maximum climbing speed of 60,000 feet per minute. 
    • It is capable to launch both Air-to-Air Missiles and Surface-to-Air Missiles
    • It is designed for all weather penetration at low altitude.
    • Over 600 Mirage 2000 aircraft have been built and it has been in service with nine nations, including France, India, Greece, and the United Arab Emirates.

    Kargil War and Mirage 2000

    • During the Kargil War, India needed high-performance aircraft for challenging terrains and harsh climates. 
    • The MiG-21s, MiG-23s, and MiG-27s couldn’t dislodge the Pakistani forces, leading to the deployment of the Mirage 2000. 
    • This jet dropped laser-guided bombs, destroying Pakistani positions. 
    • During Operation Safed Sagar, two Mirage aircraft flew 514 sorties, targeting Pakistan’s Northern Light Infantry bunkers and repeatedly striking Tiger Hill. 
    • The impressive performance of the Mirage 2000 in 1999 prompted India to order more of these jets.