The Study IAS

Tag: Current Affairs

  • Small Savings Schemes: A Powerful Tool for Financial Security in India

    Small Savings Schemes: A Smart Investment Choice Amid Falling Interest Rates

    Context:

    Recently, the India Government revised the quarterly Small Savings Scheme interest rates. As per an old decision of the Government, the rate of interest on Small Savings Schemes will be aligned with Government Security (G-Sec) rates of similar maturity with a spread i.e. mark-up.

    Policy Implications of the decision 

    • Falling Repo Rate: Now at 6.0%, from 6.5% earlier.
    • G-Sec Yields Declining:
      • 10-Year G-Sec: From 7.2% a year ago to 6.36% now.
      • Lower yields mean lower reference points for future SSS rates.
    • Expected Impact:
      • Interest rates may be revised downward from July to September 2025.
      • Political considerations may delay rate cuts due to voter sensitivity.
      • Sustaining current rates increases the fiscal burden due to the rising ‘Z’ component.

    About Small Savings Schemes as a Pillar of Financial Inclusion

    • Small Savings Schemes (SSS), also known as Post Office Savings Schemes, are government-backed financial instruments designed to mobilise household savings from the public.
    • These schemes are popular for their security, accessibility, and attractive returns, especially among low- and middle-income groups, senior citizens, and rural populations.
    • With the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) cutting the repo rate and G-Sec yields falling, there is a possibility of a downward revision in SSS interest rates from July 2025. Hence, locking in at current rates by June is advisable.

    Importance of Small Savings Schemes

    • Credit Quality: SSS enjoy sovereign guarantee, making them virtually risk-free investments.
    • Interest Rate Competitiveness: Interest rates are periodically aligned with G-Sec yields, ensuring reasonable returns.

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    Legal and Institutional Framework

    • Legal Acts Governing SSS:
      • Government Savings Bank Act, 1873 – governs PORD, POMIS, SCSS, SSA, etc.
      • Savings Certificates Act, 1959 – governs NSC and KVP.
      • Public Provident Fund Act, 1968 – governs PPF.
    • Key Administrative Institution:
      • National Savings Institute (NSI):
        • Collects data, conducts market research, and provides policy inputs.
        • Trains agents and conducts inspections under the PMLA, 2002

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    • Financial Inclusion: Offered via 1.56 lakh post offices, 15,000+ bank branches, and agents, these schemes ensure access in remote areas.
    • Liquidity: Inbuilt features like withdrawals, loans, and premature closures enhance flexibility for investors.
    • Utility for Government Financing: Mobilised savings are invested in State Government securities to support developmental projects.

    Establishment and Objectives of NSSF (National Small Savings Fund)

    • Established on: 1st April 1999, following recommendations of R.V. Gupta Committee.
    • Administered by: Ministry of Finance (DEA) under the National Small Savings Fund (Custody and Investment) Rules, 2001.
    • Objectives:
      • To consolidate all SSS transactions under a single umbrella.
      • To enhance transparency in income and expenditure reporting.
      • To highlight asset-liability mismatches and enable better fiscal management.

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    Interest Rate Mechanism: Formula and Generosity Component

    • Interest rates are fixed quarterly and are linked to G-Sec yields of comparable maturity with a mark-up or spread (Y%).
    • Final interest = G-Sec yield (X%) + Spread (Y%) + Government’s additional benefit (Z%).
    • The ‘Z’ component represents the government’s generosity and acts as a cushion when interest rates decline.

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    • To assist the government in making well-informed decisions on modifying interest rates or terms of issuance.

    Recommendations:

    • Advisory for Investors: With interest rates likely to fall, individuals should consider locking in funds in SSS before June 30, 2025.
    • Policy Recommendation: The government should balance fiscal prudence with citizen welfare, especially for senior citizens and small savers.

  • University of Surrey to Open India Campus

    Context:

    The University of Surrey, ranked among the top 300 higher education institutions globally, is set to establish its India campus in Gujarat’s GIFT (Gujarat International Finance Tec) City by 2026-27.

    Key Announcements

    • The India campus will initially offer programs in Artificial Intelligence, Finance, and Cyber Security.
    • Students will have opportunities for semester exchanges at the UK campus.
    • The faculty will be a mix of Indian and UK-based teachers.

    Statement from Vice Chancellor Gaoqing Max Lu

    • Surrey ranks #1 in the UK for AI programs, making its offerings highly relevant to India’s growing technological needs.
    • The decision to open in India was taken after a delegation visited GIFT City and had productive discussions.
    • Global University Systems (GUS) will assist with regulatory approvals and operational support.

    Foreign Universities in India

    • The University of Surrey is the seventh foreign university and fourth from the UK to announce a campus in India under relaxed regulations.
    • Other UK universities planning or having established campuses in India include:
      • University of Southampton (Rank 80 globally)
      • Queen’s University Belfast (Rank 202)
      • Coventry University (Rank 571)
      • Deakin University (Rank 197) – Already operational in GIFT City
      • University of Wollongong (Rank 162) – Already operational in GIFT City
      • Western Sydney University (Rank 375)

    Tuition and Curriculum

    • Tuition fees at the India campus will be different from the UK.
    • Financial aid and scholarships will be available for students.
    • The curriculum will be practice-based, focusing on work placements and industry exposure.
    • Surrey ranks 11th in student experience in the UK and 12th globally for work placements (QS World Employability Rankings 2020).

    Surrey’s Global Presence

    • This will not be Surrey’s first international venture, as it already has the Surrey International Institute in partnership with Dongbei University of Finance and Economics (DUFE) in China.

    Government Support and Regulations

    • As per Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman’s 2022-23 Budget speech, foreign universities in GIFT City can offer courses in Financial Management, FinTech, and STEM disciplines.
    • They will be free from domestic regulations, except those set by the International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA), to attract high-end human resources for financial and technological sectors.

    This initiative marks another step in India’s growing collaboration with globally renowned universities, providing students with international-standard education and industry exposure.

  • Species in News: Marsh Crocodiles

    Context:

    The two-day-long crocodile count in the Vishwamitri river wrapped up on February 6, 2025, with teams from the GEER Foundation and other local organisations involved in the process.

    More on News

    • The Vadodara stretch of the Vishwamitri, which spans 25 km, was divided into zones for the count, ranging from one to two kilometers long.
    • Teams collected data on the number of crocodiles, their size, location, and activities. They also recorded sightings of other wildlife, such as turtles, monitor lizards, pythons, and porcupines.
    • The previous count estimated nearly 300 crocodiles in the Vishwamitri River.

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    Vishwamitri River’s Unique Ecosystem

    • The Vishwamitri river, which originates from the Pavagadh hill in Panchmahals district and flows 200 kilometers to the Gulf of Khambhat, is home to a unique population of mugger or marsh crocodiles.
    • Despite the challenges posed by sewage and industrial pollution in the river, the crocodiles have managed to thrive in the 25-kilometer stretch that passes through Vadodara, a city of three million people.
    • The river is primarily rain-fed and has been historically home to a significant population of crocodiles. The presence of these reptiles in such an urban setting makes it a significant ecological feature of Vadodara.

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    About Marsh Crocodile

    • Scientific Name: Crocodylus palustris
    • Common Names: Mugger, Muggar, Broad-snouted Crocodile, Marsh Crocodile
    • Broad head and snout, robust body, resembling the American alligator.
    • Broadest snout of any crocodile.
    • First evidence of reptiles using tools: observed using sticks and twigs as hunting lures.
    • Conservation Status: 
      • IUCN: Vulnerable
      • IWPA (India): Schedule I
      • CITES: Appendix I
    • Distribution: Found in India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, and possibly in Bangladesh. The species also extends westwards into eastern Iran.
      • Significant Indian populations in Ganga River drainage, Chambal River (Rajasthan & Madhya Pradesh), and Gujarat.
    • Habitat: Freshwater bodies like rivers, lakes, marshes, and artificial reservoirs.
    • Diet: Primarily feeding on fish, but also preying on amphibians, reptiles (e.g., snakes, turtles), birds, and even mammals (e.g., monkeys, deer, buffalo). Juveniles feed on crustaceans, insects, and small fish.

    Major Threats

    • The potential for conflict arises when space or food is scarce. Devkar noted that conflicts can occur if humans encroach upon the river (through landfilling, dumping waste, etc.), but if both resources are abundant, crocodiles and humans can coexist peacefully.
    • Crocodiles generally eat very little during the winter and are more active during the breeding season in the summer, when caution should be exercised.

    Conservation Efforts

    • The species is listed under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act (IWPAA), which offers the highest level of protection.
    • Conservation programs focus on preserving critical riparian habitats (the soil-water interface), reducing human-wildlife conflict, and enforcing stricter regulations on poaching and habitat destruction.

  • Drug Regulatory Index

    Context:

    The Union government is developing a Drug Regulatory Index to assess states and UTs on their ability to enforce central regulations on drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics.

    More on News

    • The Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) is finalising the parameters for this index.
    • Currently, states and UTs follow different regulations, leading to inconsistent enforcement.

    Need for the Index

    • Inconsistent drug enforcement across states and UTs.
    • Some states allow fixed-dose combinations that are not permitted by the Centre.
    • Lack of awareness among states regarding the number of manufacturing and sales units in their jurisdiction.
    • Weak information dissemination in northeastern states.
    • The index aims to bring uniformity, transparency, and better coordination between the Centre and state governments.

    Parameters of the Drug Regulatory Index

    • Number of raids conducted.
    • Availability of enforcement staff.
    • Samples tested & failure rates.
    • Vacant and filled regulatory posts.
    • Resources allocated.
    • Number of manufacturing & sales units.
    • Additional parameters are being added for comprehensive assessment.

    Implementation & Approval

    • The decision was taken in a Drugs Consultative Committee (DCC) meeting under the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO).
    • The meeting was chaired by Rajeev Raghuvanshi, DCGI, in January 2024.

  • Medical Device Safety

    Context:

    The health ministry is setting up an expert committee to monitor medical devices for adverse effects and improve patient safety.

    More on News

    • The committee will focus on monitoring, recording, and analysing the root causes of adverse events or risks associated with medical devices, including in-vitro diagnostics.
    • Experts in fields such as cardiology, gastroenterology, gynaecology, neurology, and radiology are being sought for the committee.

    Background

    • Historical Context: The journey of medical device regulation in India began under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940. Initially, only a limited number of medical devices were regulated as ‘drugs’ under this Act. However, as medical technology advanced, the need for specific regulations for medical devices became evident. 
      • The Medical Devices Rules, 2017, marked a significant milestone, providing a dedicated regulatory framework for medical devices.
    • Regulatory Framework: The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO), operating under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, serves as the primary regulatory authority for medical devices in India. 
      • The CDSCO establishes and enforces standards that govern the manufacture, import, sale, and distribution of medical devices. 
    • The Central Licensing Authority (CLA) classifies medical devices and IVDMDs into four risk classes based on the device’s intended use, associated risks, and other parameters outlined in the IMD: Class A (low risk), Class B (low-moderate risk), Class C (moderate-high risk), and Class D (high risk).

    Medical Devices Overview

    • Medical devices include electronic equipment, implants, consumables, disposables, surgical instruments, and in-vitro diagnostic reagents.
    • These devices are crucial for medical diagnosis, patient safety, and life-saving systems.
    • Devices such as X-ray machines are considered more prone to causing adverse effects.

    Adverse Events and Monitoring

    • The Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) implements the Materiovigilance Programme of India (MvPI).
    • Reports on adverse events are assessed by: MvPI team, Experts from NHSRC, SCTIMST, and CDSCO.
    • Based on discussions, MvPI: 
      • Issues recommendations to CDSCO.
      • Sends safety alerts to Medical Device Adverse Event Monitoring Centres (MDMCs) and Adverse Drug Reactions Monitoring Centres (AMCs) across India.

    Challenges in India’s Medical Device Sector

    • India imports 80% of its medical devices.
    • Of ₹44,000 crore spent on importing medical electronics, over 60% are pre-owned devices.
    • Concerns with pre-owned imports:
      • Lack of calibration facilities.
      • No regulatory oversight on validation of accuracy.
      • Potential adverse diagnostic consequences.

    Future of India’s Medical Device Industry

    • The domestic medtech market was $12 billion in 2023-24, expected to quadruple to $50 billion by 2030.
    • The government has halted imports of refurbished medical devices, but patient safety regulations remain weak.
    • Experts call for:
      • Stronger alignment with international safety standards.
      • Enhanced certification & inspection processes.
      • Better environmental practices.
      • Stricter regulatory oversight to ensure quality assurance and patient safety.

  • Egypt to Host Emergency Arab Summit Amid Rising Tensions Over Palestine

    Context:

    Egypt has announced that it will host an emergency Arab summit on February 27, 2025, in Cairo to discuss “serious developments”  concerning the Palestinian issue. 

    More in News

    • The Egyptian Foreign Ministry confirmed this decision, stating that it follows high-level consultations with Arab nations, including Palestine. 
    • The call for the summit was made in response to controversial remarks by the U.S. President Donald Trump, who suggested a plan to “take over” the Gaza Strip, forcibly relocate its Palestinian residents, and transform the area into a “Riviera of the Middle East.”
    • To prepare for the summit, Egypt has engaged in extensive consultations with Arab allies. Egypt has been in communication with his counterparts from Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain, Jordan, Iraq, Algeria, Tunisia, Mauritania, and Sudan. 

    Counter View: Global Reactions to Trump’s Stance

    Trump’s proposal has been widely criticised by various countries and international organisations.

    • The European Union has expressed concerns about forced displacement violating international norms. 
    • The United Nations has reiterated its support for a two-state solution, opposing any attempt to alter the demographics of Gaza. 
    • Additionally, countries like Russia and China have condemned the move, seeing it as a destabilising factor in the Middle East.
    • Even within the United States, opposition voices argue that such a plan would undermine peace efforts and escalate tensions.

    Need for This Step

    • Trump’s Proposal: The decision to hold this summit comes in the wake of President Trump’s recent announcement during a joint press conference with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Trump proposed that the United States take control of Gaza and redevelop it, envisioning a transformed coastal region resembling the Riviera. 
    • Palestinian Relocation: The plan includes relocating Palestinians to neighboring countries such as Egypt and Jordan. However, both nations, along with other Arab states, have categorically rejected the idea, citing violations of Palestinian sovereignty and international law.

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    Present State of the Israel-Gaza War

    • Military Operations: The situation in Gaza remains dire, with continuous military operations between Israel and Palestinian militant groups. 
    • Shortage of Basic Amenities: The humanitarian crisis in the enclave has reached catastrophic levels, with severe shortages of food, water, and medical supplies.
    • Displacement of civilians : Reports indicate that thousands of civilians have been displaced, further exacerbating the already fragile living conditions. The ongoing war has prompted global calls for ceasefire agreements and humanitarian aid, but the conflict persists with no resolution in sight.

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    Geopolitical Significance of Egypt and U.S. Actions

    • Egypt’s role as a mediator in the Israel-Gaza conflict is crucial. Hosting the emergency summit not only reaffirms its leadership in the Arab world but also signals a strong regional opposition to U.S. interventionist policies.
    • Reinforcing Arab unity:  The summit also challenges the legitimacy of any unilateral decisions taken by Washington and Tel Aviv, reinforcing Arab unity on the Palestinian issue.
    • US Commitment to Israel’s Security Interests: On the other hand, the United States’ stance reflects its continued commitment to Israel’s security interests, but at the cost of deteriorating its relations with Arab allies.

    Conclusion

    • Egypt’s decision to convene an emergency Arab summit reflects the urgent need to address the escalating Palestinian crisis. The strong rejection of Trump’s proposal by Arab states highlights regional unity against forced displacement. 
    • While the Israel-Gaza war continues to devastate the region, diplomatic efforts through this summit could reinforce international opposition to unilateral actions by the U.S. and Israel. The unfolding events will have long-lasting geopolitical implications, shaping future Arab-Israeli relations and influencing broader Middle East stability.

  • The Chemistry Behind the Colours of Rubies and Emeralds

    Context:

    Inorganic chemistry explores the chemistry of all elements in the periodic table, with a major focus on transition metals.

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    Transition metals are elements found in the d-block of the periodic table, typically within groups 3 to 12. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines a transition metal as an element with a partially filled d subshell or one that can form stable ions with an incomplete d subshell.

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    Role of Transition Metals in Colour

    • Transition metals, including iron (Fe) and gold (Au), are known for their intense colours. Many natural substances, such as gemstones, pigments, and even haemoglobin in blood, owe their colours to transition metals.
    • Transition metal compounds often display vibrant colours due to their electronic structures.
    • Rubies and emeralds are prime examples of how a small amount of chromium can create stunning colours in otherwise colourless minerals.

    Crystal Field Theory: Explaining Gemstone Colours

    • Developed by physicists in the 1920s to explain how transition metal ions interact with surrounding atoms.
    • Helps predict how a transition metal ion’s properties change based on its surrounding elements.
    • Rubies: Composed mainly of corundum (Al₂O₃), where aluminium ions are surrounded by six oxygen ions.
    • Emeralds: Composed mainly of beryl (Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈), with a more complex crystal structure due to additional elements like beryllium and silicon.
    • Pure corundum and beryl are colourless; their colours arise from the presence of chromium.

    How Chromium Creates Colour?

    • Rubies: Chromium replaces ~1% of aluminium in corundum, absorbing blue and green light, and making rubies appear red.
    • Emeralds: Chromium replaces aluminium in beryl but interacts more weakly with surrounding oxygen due to the presence of silicon and beryllium. This weaker interaction causes emeralds to absorb blue and red light, making them appear green.

    The Science of Colour Perception

    • Sunlight consists of all visible colours (ROY G BIV: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet).
    • Objects appear coloured because they absorb certain wavelengths and reflect others.
      • If blue is absorbed, an object looks red.
      • If red is absorbed, an object looks green or blue.

    Implications

    • Understanding how transition metals interact with their surroundings is crucial in designing chemical compounds for specific purposes. 
    • This research helps in understanding both the basic science and practical applications of metal-containing compounds.

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    Understanding Minerals, Crystals and Gemstones

    • Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solids with a definite chemical composition. Minerals have specific physical properties (colour, hardness, cleavage, and crystal habit) that help in their identification.
      • Examples: Quartz (amethyst, citrine), diamond, corundum (ruby, sapphire), beryl (emerald, aquamarine), topaz, and more.
    • Crystals are solid materials whose atoms are arranged in a highly ordered, repeating pattern. This regular arrangement of atoms gives crystals their characteristic shapes and physical properties.
      • Examples: Quartz (amethyst, citrine), salt, snowflakes, and sugar crystals.
    • Gemstones are minerals, stones, or organic materials cut and polished for beauty, durability, and use in jewellery or other adornments. They are valued for their rarity, colour, brilliance, and sometimes special optical effects (e.g., chatoyancy or asterism). Most gemstones are minerals, but some, like pearls and amber, are organic.

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  • Places in News: New Zealand

    New Zealand, a remote and mountainous island nation located off the southeast coast of Australia, is a land of diverse landscapes and unique political features. Situated in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, near the center of the water hemisphere, New Zealand comprises two main islands (the North Island and the South Island) and over 700 smaller islands.

    Geographical Features

    • Land Area: New Zealand is the sixth-largest island country in the world, covering a land area of 268,680 square kilometers (103,740 sq mi).
    • Island Composition: The two main islands, the North Island (Te Ika-a-Māui) and the South Island (Te Waipounamu), are separated by the Cook Strait, which is 22 kilometers (14 mi) wide at its narrowest point. 
      • Other significant islands include Stewart Island/Rakiura, Chatham Island, Great Barrier Island, D’Urville Island, and Waiheke Island.
    • Coastline: New Zealand boasts over 15,000 kilometers of varied coastline, featuring long sandy beaches on the North Island’s East Coast and wilder, more rugged coastlines around the South Island.
    • Mountains: Approximately one-fifth of the North Island and two-thirds of the South Island are mountainous. 
      • The South Island is dominated by the Southern Alps, featuring 18 peaks over 3,000 meters, with Aoraki/Mount Cook being the highest at 3,724 meters. 
      • The North Island has a ‘spine’ of mountain ranges running through the middle.
    • Volcanic Activity: The North Island is marked by significant volcanism, particularly the Taupō Volcanic Zone, which includes the active volcano Mount Ruapehu and Lake Taupō, situated in a supervolcano’s caldera.
    • Plains: Alluvial deposits have formed the Canterbury Plains in the South Island and several smaller plains in the North, creating fertile farmland.

  • Misleading Publicity on Processed Food

    Context:

    The Ministry of Food Processing Industries has established a 19-member committee to address the issue of misleading publicity in the processed food sector.

    More on News

    • The committee, headed by Union Minister Chirag Paswan, includes representatives from various ministries like Health, Consumer Affairs, and other industry stakeholders. 
    • The goal of this committee is to develop a comprehensive strategy to ensure accurate information for consumers, prevent misleading advertisements, and foster ethical marketing practices within the processed food industry.

    Key Objectives of the Committee

    • Develop a Strategy: The committee is tasked with formulating a strategy to identify, prevent, and address misleading advertisements and promotional practices in the processed food sector.
    • Review Existing Regulations: The committee will examine current advertising practices, labels, and regulations related to processed foods. It will also propose amendments or new frameworks to address any regulatory gaps and strengthen enforcement mechanisms.
    • Protect Consumer Rights: A key priority is ensuring consumer rights protection by promoting transparency, accuracy, and ethical practices in advertising. The committee aims to prevent deceptive claims that could mislead consumers about processed food products.
    • Fostering Positive Promotion: The committee will work to highlight the positive aspects of processed food and provide recommendations for clear and truthful communication to foster consumer trust.

    Role of the Committee

    • The committee will assess advertisements, labels, and promotional practices of processed food products.
    • It will recommend new regulatory frameworks and guidelines for ethical advertising.
    • The committee will oversee the development of strategies to tackle misleading advertising, focusing on consumer protection and transparency.

    What are Processed Foods?

    • Any food that has been altered from its natural state is considered processed.
    • Lightly processed foods (such as cut, cooked, or seasoned foods) are not necessarily harmful. The real concern lies with highly processed and ultra-processed foods, which are packed with excessive salt, fat, and sugar.

    Rising Processed Food Consumption in India

    • India is increasingly adopting a Western lifestyle that favours sugary drinks and processed foods, while the intake of fruits and vegetables is declining. This leads to an excessive calorie intake with fewer essential nutrients, fueling the rise in diet-related health issues.
    • Experts warn of a direct link between rising processed food consumption and the increase in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases.
      • A Lancet study published in 2024 confirmed that India has the highest number of diabetics globally, with a staggering 62% of diabetics not receiving treatment. This reflects a critical need for intervention to address both dietary habits and healthcare access.
    • A report by Nutrition Advocacy in Public Interest (NAPi), a New Delhi-based nutrition think tank, has shed light on how ultra-processed foods conceal crucial nutritional information and use manipulative advertising tactics to attract consumers.

    Gaps in Advertisement Laws

    • The Advertisement Code of the Cable Television Network Rules, 1994 prohibits ads that promote unhealthy practices among children but lacks clear restrictions on HFSS (High Fat, Sugar, and Salt) foods.
    • The Food Safety and Standards (FSS) Act, 2006, aims to prevent misleading food advertisements but fails to define “misleading ads” objectively.
    • The Consumer Protection Act (2019) only restricts junk food ads in children’s programs, with no broader regulations on HFSS food advertisements.

    Government Efforts 

    • Regulations and Policies: The Economic Survey 2024-25 emphasised the need to regulate misleading nutrition claims and information on ultra-processed foods (UPFs). 
      • It suggested setting standards for permissible levels of salt, sugar, and saturated fats, and imposing stricter marketing restrictions, especially targeting children.
    • Labelling Requirements: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) approved a proposal to make information about sugar, salt, and saturated fat content on labels of packaged foods and beverages bolder and bigger. This aims to empower consumers to make healthier choices and combat non-communicable diseases.
    • Taxation and Subsidies: The Economic Survey proposed higher taxes on UPFs and suggested a ‘health tax’ measure targeted at brands/products that advertise these foods. It also recommended promoting local and seasonal fruits and vegetables through positive subsidies.

  • New Study Reveals Unexpected Collagen Structure

    Context:

    A groundbreaking study led by researchers from Rice University and the University of Virginia has unveiled an unexpected collagen structure that could revolutionise biomedical research. 

    More on News

    • Published on February 3, 2025, in ACS Central Science, the study challenges long-held beliefs about collagen’s structural uniformity.
    • Collagen, the most abundant protein in the human body, has traditionally been viewed as having a predictable, right-handed superhelical twist. However, the research team, led by Jeffrey Hartgerink and Tracy Yu, discovered a deviation from this canonical structure using advanced cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). 

    Key Findings

    • The collagen triple helix traditionally follows a right-handed superhelical twist. However, the study reveals that collagen can adopt more diverse forms than previously thought.
    • Cryo-EM technology, which allows high-resolution imaging of biomolecules, provided unprecedented detail, revealing how this new conformation enables unique molecular interactions, including hydroxyproline stacking between adjacent helices. 
      • This stacking forms a symmetrical hydrophobic cavity, a feature not seen in the canonical structure.

    Implications

    • Biological Understanding: This discovery challenges existing dogma about collagen and may provide new insights into collagen’s biological roles, including its involvement in cell signalling, immune function, and tissue repair.
    • Diseases and Disorders: The findings could lead to a better understanding of conditions where collagen assembly is disrupted, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, fibrosis, and certain cancers.
    • Biomedical Applications: The structural diversity of collagen could lead to advancements in biomaterials and regenerative medicine, offering the potential for new materials in wound healing, tissue engineering, and drug delivery.

  • Pollution and Economic Growth

    Context:

    As the Budget session unfolded, discussions on economic policies, market indicators, taxes, and subsidies dominated headlines and social media. 

    More on News

    • With inflation soaring for essential commodities and the rupee depreciating against the US dollar, concerns about financial stability took center stage. 
    • However, a critical issue that rarely makes economic headlines yet poses a significant threat to India’s growth is air pollution—most notably in Delhi but also stretching from Punjab to Assam.

    Delhi’s Alarming Air Quality Crisis

    • Globally, an Air Quality Index (AQI) below 50 is considered “good air.” 
    • By this standard, Delhi’s situation is dire. In 2024, the city did not witness a single “good air” day—an unprecedented event in the last six years. 
    • On December 16, air quality levels plummeted to hazardous levels, prompting authorities to impose Stage IV restrictions under the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP). 
      • These restrictions, which included shutting down schools and halting construction activities, highlighted the severity of the crisis.

    Health Consequences of Pollution

    • Respiratory Issues: Respiratory illnesses have surged across the country due to prolonged exposure to toxic air. 
      • A 2019 study published in The Lancet revealed that air pollution contributed to 12.5% of all deaths in India in 2017, largely due to particulate matter pollution. 
      • Research from the University of Chicago further indicates that this level of pollution reduces life expectancy by an alarming 7.8 years.
    • Cognitive Decline: More concerning are new studies linking air pollution to cognitive decline. 
      • According to a Nature article by Liam Drew (January 2025), long-term exposure to polluted air increases the risk of dementia, depression, and anxiety disorders. 
      • While the wealthy can afford air purifiers or temporary escapes to cleaner destinations, the majority of the population has no such options.

    Overlooked Economic Impact

    • Silent Killer: Unlike fiscal deficits or trade policies that have visible short-term consequences, environmental degradation slowly erodes economic stability.
    • Economic Downfall: Historical evidence suggests that environmental collapse can lead to economic downfall. 
      • The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization is now attributed to ecological degradation rather than foreign invasions. 
      • The rulers of that era lacked scientific knowledge to prevent their environmental crisis. 
    • Lack of Will: Today, however, the Indian government has access to extensive research and expertise but has yet to show strong commitment to tackling this issue.
    • Economic Cost: Northern India has witnessed a decline in international tourism, and poor air quality is believed to be discouraging foreign investments. 
      • Temporary measures like GRAP IV provide short-term relief but disrupt economic activity and daily life, impacting businesses and productivity.

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    Air pollution is a growing global threat to human and occupational health, the environment, and economies. The market impacts of outdoor air pollution, including effects on labor productivity, health expenditures, and agricultural crop yields, could lead to global economic costs that gradually increase to 1% of global GDP by 2060. Greenpeace research estimates that air pollution costs the global economy $2.9 trillion, corresponding to 3.3% of the world’s GDP. The World Bank estimates that premature deaths due to air pollution cost the global economy about $225 billion in lost labor income in 2013. In 2018, air pollution triggered 1.8 billion days of work absences worldwide.

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    Call for Urgent Action

    • Avoidable Disaster: Air pollution is not an unavoidable natural disaster like an earthquake or volcanic eruption. 
      • Multiple factors contribute to the crisis, including vehicle emissions, industrial pollution, stubble burning, and household cooking practices. 
      • Addressing these requires a unified, nationwide strategy rather than fragmented, state-specific responses.
    • Role of Union Government: Instead of turning air pollution into an inter-state blame game, the Union government must take responsibility. 
      • A dedicated budget, scientific studies, and a comprehensive policy framework are essential. 
    • Others: Other countries, such as China, have successfully tackled air pollution through strict regulations and coordinated efforts—proving that a turnaround is possible.

    Fiscal Solution to Fund Clean Air Initiatives

    • More Government Expenditure: Implementing an effective pollution control strategy will require increased government expenditure, which may raise fiscal deficits. 
    • Tax on High Income Individuals: One solution is to impose a special direct tax on high-income individuals for two to three years. 
    • Tax-to-GDP: India’s tax-to-GDP ratio remains low, with direct taxes accounting for less than 40% of total tax revenue. 
      • Since indirect taxes disproportionately burden the middle and lower-income groups, restructuring the tax system to fund environmental initiatives is both feasible and equitable.

    India’s pollution crisis has reached an embarrassing and dangerous level. Continuing to ignore it will only compound the problem, threatening public health, economic growth, and global standing. The time for action is now. Implementing bold policies and ensuring strict enforcement can reverse the damage and secure a healthier, more prosperous future for the country.

  • India-USA to Discuss Tariffs

    Context:

    India and the United States are set to engage in discussions on tariffs and trade policies following the recent Union Budget’s announcement on the rationalisation of import duties.

    More on News

    • Prime Minister Narendra Modi will meet with US President Donald Trump next week to revive trade negotiations and address investment concerns. 
    • The discussions will also cover key areas such as energy and defense.

    Revival of Trade Talks and Tariff Adjustments

    • Rekindle Trade Talks: Modi’s two-day working visit to the US comes at Trump’s invitation. 
      • This meeting marks an effort to rekindle trade talks that were initiated during Trump’s first presidency but were put on hold after the change in administration. 
    • 2025 Budget: A significant development in India’s 2025-26 budget was the restructuring of the import tariff system, reducing rates on over 70% of items. 
      • This move is expected to address Trump’s criticism of India as a “tariff champion” and an “abuser of tariffs.”
    • Import Duties by India: One of the key points of contention between the two countries has been the high import duties India imposed on certain US products, including Harley-Davidson motorcycles. 
      • In response, India has now reduced tariffs on motorcycles based on engine capacity, a move likely aimed at easing trade tensions. 
    • No Signal from USA: While there has been no indication of direct tariff action by the US against India, Trump has already imposed a 10% tariff on China and announced a 25% tariff on Mexico and Canada—though the latter was put on hold for negotiations. 
      • He has also signaled potential tariffs on the European Union.

    Addressing Deportation Concerns

    • The visit comes amid growing concerns over the treatment of Indians facing deportation from the US. 
    • Recently, a US military aircraft brought back 104 Indian nationals who were staying illegally in the country. 
    • The Foreign Secretary acknowledged the outrage over the issue, stating that discussions were ongoing with US officials to ensure better treatment for deportees. 
      • He also confirmed that there are 487 presumed Indian citizens with final removal orders, of which details for 298 individuals have been provided by US authorities. 
      • The Indian government is working to verify their identities before facilitating their return.

    With trade, defence, technology, and energy cooperation at the forefront, Modi’s visits to the US and France aim to strengthen India’s global partnerships while addressing key economic and diplomatic issues.

  • Cabinet Approval for Extension of NCSK (2025-2028)

    Context:

    The Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has approved the extension of the National Commission for Safai Karamcharis (NCSK ) for three years beyond 31st March 2025, up to 31st March 2028. The extension aims to Facilitate the socio-economic upliftment of sanitation workers , Improve working conditions in the sanitation sector and Ensure zero fatalities in hazardous cleaning.

    Socio-Economic Conditions of Safai Karamcharis

    • Safai Karamcharis, historically marginalized, continue to face severe socio-economic hardships, including low wages, job insecurity, and inadequate access to education and healthcare. 
    • Despite welfare measures, many sanitation workers remain trapped in the cycle of poverty due to caste-based discrimination and lack of alternative employment opportunities. 

    Reports on Safai Karamcharis and Manual Scavenging

    • The National Commission for Safai Karamcharis (NCSK) Reports have consistently pointed out gaps in implementation of the MS Act, 2013, particularly in rehabilitating manual scavengers.
    • Periodic Studies by NGOs and Human Rights Organizations indicate that hazardous cleaning, especially in sewers and septic tanks, continues despite legal prohibitions.
    • Government Surveys have acknowledged the need for improved enforcement of mechanization in cleaning operations to eliminate manual scavenging entirely.

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    Government and Institutional Initiatives 

    • MS Act, 2013: Prohibits the employment of manual scavengers and mandates their rehabilitation.
    • Swachh Bharat Mission: Encourages mechanization of sanitation work and better workplace safety.
    • NAMASTE (National Action Plan for Mechanized Sanitation Ecosystem): Focuses on eliminating hazardous cleaning practices and promoting mechanized cleaning.
    • Rehabilitation and Skill Development Programs: Various training initiatives are being implemented to provide alternative employment opportunities to sanitation workers.
    • Financial Assistance and Scholarships: Welfare programs, including scholarships for children of sanitation workers, aim to break the cycle of generational employment in the sector.

    [/stextbox]

    About NCSK

    • Composition
      • One Chairperson (equivalent to Union Minister of State rank).
      • One Vice-Chairperson (equivalent to Secretary to the Government of India rank).
      • Five Members, including one female member (equivalent to Secretary rank).
      • One Secretary (equivalent to Joint Secretary rank), along with supporting staff.
    • Tenure
      • Initially a statutory body under the NCSK Act, 1993 (valid up to 2004).
      • Since 2004, functioning as a non-statutory body under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
      • Tenure extended multiple times through Government Resolutions.

    Functions and Powers of NCSK

    • Mandate under Government Resolutions
      • Recommend programs to eliminate inequalities in status and opportunities for Safai Karamcharis.
      • Evaluate implementation of rehabilitation schemes for sanitation workers.
      • Investigate grievances related to non-implementation of policies.
      • Monitor working conditions, health, safety, and wages of sanitation workers.
      • Submit reports and recommendations to the Central/State governments.
    • Mandate under the MS Act 2013
      • Monitor implementation of the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013.
      • Investigate complaints of violations of the Act.
      • Advise Central and State Governments on effective policy execution.
      • Take suo-motu notice of cases of non-implementation.

    Need for NCSK

    • Persistent Manual Scavenging: Despite legal bans, cases still exist.
    • Lack of Proper Implementation: Welfare schemes often do not reach beneficiaries.
    • Hazardous Working Conditions: Many Safai Karamcharis work without proper safety equipment.
    • Social Stigma and Discrimination: Continued caste-based marginalization.
    • Delayed Compensation and Rehabilitation: Families of deceased sanitation workers often struggle to receive promised aid.
    • Policy Monitoring and Accountability: NCSK ensures compliance with laws and policies.

    Key Achievements of NCSK

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    Implementation of Supreme Court Directions (2023)

    • Compensation for sewer deaths increased from Rs. 10 lakh to Rs. 30 lakh.
    • Compensation for sewer-related disabilities:
      • Minimum Rs. 10 lakh.
      • If permanent disability causes economic hardship, Rs. 20 lakh.
    • Monitors the payment of compensation to affected workers.

    [/stextbox]

    • Strengthened monitoring of manual scavenging cases and rehabilitation efforts.
    • Increased compensation for sewer deaths and disabilities (per SC orders in 2023).
    • Played a crucial role in ensuring financial aid and skill development for sanitation workers.
    • Facilitated the enforcement of the MS Act 2013.
    • Regular grievance redressal mechanisms and interactions with stakeholders.

    Way Forward: Suggestions for Improving NCSK’s Functioning

    • Grant Statutory Status: Re-enact the National Commission for Safai Karamcharis Act to restore NCSK as a statutory body with binding powers.
    • Strengthen Implementation of Laws
      • Ensure strict enforcement of the MS Act 2013.
      • Hold municipalities and state authorities accountable for non-compliance.
    • Ensure Comprehensive Rehabilitation
      • Focus on alternative livelihood programs for manual scavengers.
      • Provide educational and skill development initiatives for their families.
    • Regular Social Audits and Monitoring
      • Conduct periodic audits of government programs.
      • Set up independent monitoring committees with civil society participation.

  • GPU-as-a-Service

    Context:

    Bharti Airtel has announced that it will not be an early mover in the GPU-as-a-Service (GaaS) space, according to Vice Chairman and Managing Director Gopal Vittal. This decision was revealed during the company’s Q3 earnings call on February 7, 2025.

    More on News

    • Airtel is placing its emphasis on growing its data centre business through Nxtra Data Ltd, which aims to support AI and data storage services, rather than GPU-as-a-service. The company is keen on expanding its presence in this sector.
    • Vittal highlighted that Airtel is ready to launch its Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) service with standalone technology, which provides high-speed internet access. 
    • The service has been expanding rapidly, with over 2,000 cities covered, and about 1.9 million fiber-to-home passes added each quarter. Airtel has already reached 35 million home passes.

    GaaS Overview

    • GPU-as-a-Service (GaaS) is an emerging cloud service that allows users to rent GPUs for various heavy workloads, such as machine learning, deep learning, gaming, video editing, and high-performance computing. 
    • This service is part of the broader category of Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), allowing businesses to leverage high-performance computing resources without the need for expensive hardware investments or complex infrastructure management.
    • Market: Offered by rivals like Jio Platforms, Tata Communications, and others, as well as specialised data centre companies like E2E Networks, Ctrls Datacenters, and Yotta Data Services.
      • The global GPUaaS market was valued at approximately USD 3,354 million in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 21.6% from 2024 to 2030. This growth is driven by the increasing demand for high-performance computing (HPC) in sectors such as AI, ML, data analytics, and cloud gaming.
    • Key Market Players: Prominent cloud service providers like NVIDIA, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud Platform (GCP), and Microsoft Azure are consistently improving their GPUaaS offerings to meet the increasing demand for high-performance computing solutions.

    Key Features and Benefits

    • Scalability: Users can easily scale GPU resources up or down based on project requirements, ensuring efficient use of computing power.
    • Cost Efficiency: The pay-per-use model allows organisations to pay only for the GPU resources they consume, reducing overall expenses.
    • Ease of Use: GaaS simplifies access to advanced computational capabilities, making it easier for data scientists and developers to work on machine learning, deep learning, and other data-intensive applications.
    • Data Security: Cloud providers typically implement robust security measures to protect sensitive information, ensuring data privacy and compliance.
    • Faster Time-to-Market: Immediate access to cutting-edge technology enables rapid prototyping and deployment, accelerating innovation and development cycles.

    Applications

    • Machine Learning and Deep Learning: GPUs can significantly accelerate the training of complex models on large datasets, improving model accuracy and iteration speed.
    • Automotive – Used in ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems), self-driving tech, and simulations.
    • Healthcare – GPU-powered medical imaging, drug discovery, and genomic analysis.
    • Finance – Risk analysis, high-frequency trading, fraud detection.
    • Real Estate – 3D rendering, virtual tours, and augmented reality (AR) applications.
    • Data Processing and Analytics: Parallel computing capabilities of GPUs enhance the efficiency of big data processing tasks, such as sorting and filtering.

    Recent Developments

    • Rackspace launched its GPUaaS in November 2024, offering on-demand access to high-performance computing resources for AI, machine learning, and data analytics.
    • Lenovo introduced TruScale GPUaaS to accelerate AI transformation and provide on-demand GPU resources.
    • Singtel announced its plans to launch GPUaaS in Singapore and Southeast Asia in the third quarter of 2024, aiming to meet the growing demand for high-performance computing solutions.

    Market Opportunities and Challenges

    • The trend of cloud computing and virtualisation offers considerable growth potential for GPUaaS providers. As more industries shift to the cloud and require scalable GPU resources, businesses can capitalise on offering flexible pricing models for GPU usage.
    • Despite rapid growth, challenges like data security concerns, regulatory compliance, and the availability of skilled professionals in HPC and AI may affect market adoption, especially in regions with stringent regulations.

  • Legal Personhood to Taranaki Maunga

    Context:

    Taranaki Maunga, the second-highest mountain on New Zealand’s North Island, has been granted legal personhood. 

    More on News

    • This makes Taranaki Maunga the third natural feature in New Zealand to receive the same rights, duties, and protections as an individual. 
    • This aligns with the Māori worldview, recognising natural features as sacred ancestors.

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    Natural Entities Granted Legal Personhood

    • India: In 2017, the Uttarakhand High Court declared the Ganges and Yamuna rivers as legal persons, aiming to protect them from pollution and environmental degradation. 
    • Colombia: In 2016, Colombia’s Constitutional Court recognised the Atrato River as a legal entity, citing the need to protect it from pollution and environmental harm. This ruling was influenced by the river’s importance to local Indigenous communities.
    • Canada: In 2021, the Magpie River in Quebec was granted legal personhood, becoming the first river in Canada to receive such status. This designation was driven by the river’s cultural significance to the Innu First Nation and environmental conservation efforts.

    [/stextbox]

    Legislative and Management Changes

    • New Zealand’s parliament passed the law on January 30, 2025, fulfilling a promise made in 2017.
    • Ownership transferred from the government to a co-governance model involving Māori iwi (tribes) and government representatives.
    • The legal personality is named Te Kāhui Tupua, representing the mountain and its surrounding peaks and environment.
    • New governing body established with four Māori iwi representatives and four government-appointed members.

    Official Name Recognition

    • The mountain will now be officially referred to as Taranaki Maunga, shedding its former colonial name, Mount Egmont (by British explorer Captain James Cook in 1770).
    • The legal personhood status extends to the surrounding environment, collectively called Te Kāhui Tupua.

    Historical and Cultural Significance

    • Taranaki Maunga, a dormant volcano standing at 2,518 meters (8,261 feet), is one of New Zealand’s most beloved natural landmarks.
    • The mountain holds deep spiritual and cultural significance for the Taranaki Māori iwi (tribes), who regard it as a sacred ancestor.
    • The recognition aims to redress colonial injustices, including the 1865 land confiscations that stripped Māori of their traditional rights and management of the mountain.

    Part of a Larger Movement for Indigenous Justice

    • Third natural feature in New Zealand to receive legal personhood:
      • Te Urewera (2014) – former national park.
      • Whanganui River (2017) – first river in the world to gain legal personhood.
    • Part of New Zealand’s ongoing reconciliation efforts with Māori communities.
    • Acknowledges historical injustices, particularly land confiscation and breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi (1840).
    • Chief negotiator Jamie Tuuta described the moment as a mix of historic achievement and a reminder of past struggles.

    Implications for Conservation and Public Access

    • Legal status ensures environmental protection and traditional Māori guardianship.
    • Activities on the mountain, including tourism and outdoor recreation, will continue but under culturally and environmentally responsible guidelines.
    • Prevents forced sales and harmful exploitation of the land.
    • Conservation initiatives to restore native wildlife and ecosystems.

    National and Global Impact

    • Unanimous parliamentary support (123 lawmakers); greeted with waiata (Māori song) from Māori representatives in the gallery.
    • Similar initiatives have taken place globally, including the recognition of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers in India and the Atrato River in Colombia as legal entities.
    • These landmark decisions emphasise a growing shift towards recognising nature’s intrinsic rights, ensuring environmental protection and Indigenous cultural preservation.

    Future Prospects

    • Ongoing management will integrate Māori traditions, ecological protection, and public use.
    • Strengthens Indigenous legal rights and environmental governance worldwide.
    • Symbol of Māori resilience, reinforcing the interconnectedness of people, land, and nature in Aotearoa (New Zealand).