Hyderabad Liberation Day: History & Unity

Explore Hyderabad Liberation Day’s history, Operation Polo, Razakar resistance, Telangana’s culture, and its role in today’s national unity.

Context

Hyderabad Liberation Day holds renewed relevance today as both the Union and state governments mark the occasion with cultural programmes, flag hoisting, and civic education, linking past struggles against Razakars to present-day national unity.

Hyderabad Liberation Day: History & Unity

Why is Hyderabad Liberation Day Celebrated?

Hyderabad Liberation Day, observed every year on 17th September, commemorates the historic integration of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union in 1948. While India achieved independence on 15th August 1947, the journey was not yet complete. Several princely states had to accede to the Union, and Hyderabad—then one of the largest and wealthiest princely states under the rule of Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan—posed a major challenge.

The Nizam, despite being surrounded geographically by Indian territory, refused to join the Indian Union. Instead, he sought to remain independent and was supported by his private militia, the Razakars. This militia, infamous for its sectarian violence, forced conversions, and atrocities on civilians, became a threat not only to Hyderabad’s population but also to the social and communal harmony of newly independent India.

Faced with increasing instability, lawlessness, and the possibility of foreign interference, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the then Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister—also known as the “Iron Man of India”—decided on swift action. On 13th September 1948, he authorised Operation Polo, a military campaign led by the Indian Army. The operation was short yet decisive; within just five days, Hyderabad was liberated and formally merged into the Indian Union by 18th September 1948.

The victory was more than a territorial or political merger—it was a crucial step in preserving India’s sovereignty, democracy, and secular character. It ended the Razakars’ reign of terror, restored peace and order in the Deccan region, and reinforced the idea that India’s unity would not be compromised by sectarian forces.

Even today, leaders recall the significance of the event. During the 2025 celebrations, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh underlined that the Razakars’ actions symbolised direct attacks on India’s communal fabric, and their defeat marked a turning point in safeguarding national unity. Thus, Hyderabad Liberation Day is not only a reminder of a military triumph but also a symbol of resilience, justice, and the unshakable will to protect India’s sovereignty.

How do Telangana’s Tribes and Cultural Traditions feature in the celebrations?

The observance of Hyderabad Liberation Day also reflects Telangana’s rich tribal and folk culture, which celebrates the spirit of freedom and resistance.

Tribes of Telangana: According to the Census of India, 2011, Scheduled Tribes form around ¬9% of Telangana’s population. Major tribes include Raj Gonds, Lambadas (Banjaras), Chenchus, and Koyas.
Dance and Folk Traditions: Celebrations are marked by performances of Telangana’s traditional dance forms:
- Gussadi Dance: traditional folk dance of the Raj Gond tribes from the Adilabad, performed by Dandari groups.
- Lambadi Dance: Performed by the Lambada community, reflecting agrarian life and resilience.
- Perini Shivatandavam: Known as the “dance of warriors,” symbolising valor and often performed in cultural events linked to liberation.
- Bathukamma Festival Songs: Though primarily associated with a floral festival, their themes of collective harmony are highlighted in state-level programmes.

These performances connect the present generation with the sacrifices of the past, ensuring that the cultural identity of Telangana remains intertwined with its political history.

Hyderabad Liberation Day: History & Unity

What is Its Relevance in Contemporary India?

Political and Social Significance
- In Maharashtra’s Marathwada region (formerly part of Hyderabad State), the Chief Minister and Guardian Ministers hoist the national flag, highlighting the region’s shared historical memory.
- In Telangana, the Union Government now observes the day officially, reviving the legacy of Hyderabad’s integration after years of political debate.
Governance and Civic Education
- As per the Economic Survey 2022–23, civic awareness and historical consciousness are key to strengthening democratic participation.
- School and college programmes organised during the celebrations acquaint students with the sacrifices of martyrs, fostering democratic values through historical learning.
Linking History with Development: The inauguration of Beed-Ahilyanagar railway service in 2025, coinciding with the celebrations, demonstrates how historical aspirations of integration continue to inspire modern infrastructure and development outcomes.