The Study IAS

Month: September 2025

  • India’s Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve Wins UNESCO Recognition

    India’s Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve Wins UNESCO Recognition

    UNESCO has recognised Himachal Pradesh’s Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve as India’s 13th site in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Located in Lahaul-Spiti, it hosts snow leopards, ibex, rare medicinal plants, and 12,000 residents practising sustainable livelihoods. Recognition boosts conservation, eco-tourism, research, and aligns with SDG-15.

    Context

    UNESCO has recently designated Himachal Pradesh’s Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve as part of its World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR). With this development, India now has 13 such reserves recognised globally, reinforcing its dedication to biodiversity conservation, climate resilience, and sustainable livelihoods.

    About the 13th Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve

    The Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve lies in the Lahaul-Spiti region of Himachal Pradesh, representing India’s first high-altitude cold desert biosphere. It spans an altitude of 3,300–6,600 metres, encompassing:

    • Pin Valley National Park

    • Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary

    • Chandratal Wildlife Sanctuary

    • Sarchu plains

    The zoning into core, buffer, and transition areas integrates conservation with local livelihood practices, aligning with India’s National Biodiversity Action Plan and Sustainable Development Goal 15 (Life on Land).

    Why Is UNESCO Recognition Significant?

    1. Global Recognition
      The designation places India’s Cold Desert on the international conservation map, ensuring better support for ecological research and sustainable development initiatives.

    2. Eco-tourism Opportunities
      Recognition opens up avenues for carefully managed eco-tourism, boosting local economies while safeguarding fragile habitats.

    3. Climate Resilience
      High-altitude cold deserts are climate-sensitive ecosystems. International collaboration under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme helps in devising strategies for adaptation and resilience.

    4. Integration of Local Communities
      Around 12,000 residents in the reserve practise pastoralism and barley-pea farming, with sustainable practices forming part of the management strategy. Recognition strengthens their role in community-led conservation.

    Flora of the Cold Desert

    The Cold Desert is home to unique and often rare plant species adapted to extreme conditions.

    • Willow-leaved sea-buckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia): Known for its nutritional and medicinal value.

    • 47 documented medicinal plants: Many are central to Sowa Rigpa (Amchi medicine), recognised by the Ministry of AYUSH.

    • Alpine herbs and grasses adapted to thin soils, high UV radiation, and low precipitation.

    Fauna of the Cold Desert

    The fauna reflects the resilience of life in harsh climates:

    • Snow leopard (Panthera uncia): An apex predator and a symbol of conservation in the Himalayas.

    • Himalayan ibex and blue sheep (bharal): Key prey species supporting the predator-prey balance.

    • Golden eagle: An iconic raptor adapted to the high-altitude ecosystem.

    • Other species include Tibetan wolf, red fox, and migratory birds adapted to alpine wetlands.

    These species not only hold ecological significance but also form part of cultural narratives of the region’s inhabitants.

    What Is a Cold Desert?

    A cold desert is a type of desert ecosystem found at high altitudes. Unlike hot deserts, cold deserts are shaped by glaciated valleys, wind-swept plateaus, and fragile soils. Their features include:

    • Low temperatures: Often below freezing for much of the year.

    • Scant rainfall: Less than 25 cm annually.

    • High diurnal variation: Sharp contrasts between day and night temperatures.

    • Sparse vegetation: Mainly hardy grasses, shrubs, and alpine herbs.

    Cold deserts are among the most fragile ecosystems, highly vulnerable to climate change, land-use pressures, and unsustainable tourism.

    India’s UNESCO Biosphere Reserves under MAB

    India’s Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve Wins UNESCO Recognition | The Study IAS

    India has a total of 13 biosphere reserves recognised internationally under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme. These include:

    1. Nilgiri

    2. Nanda Devi

    3. Nokrek

    4. Great Nicobar

    5. Gulf of Mannar

    6. Manas

    7. Sunderbans

    8. Simlipal

    9. Pachmarhi

    10. Khangchendzonga

    11. Agasthyamalai

    12. Panna

    13. Cold Desert (Himachal Pradesh)

    This network reflects India’s ecological diversity—from tropical forests to high-altitude deserts.

    Achieving Balance: Conservation and Livelihoods

    The Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve highlights the synergy between conservation and development:

    • Core Zone: Strictly protected for biodiversity conservation.

    • Buffer Zone: Allows regulated research, eco-tourism, and limited resource use.

    • Transition Zone: Local communities engage in sustainable agriculture and pastoralism, ensuring livelihoods without harming the ecosystem.

    This zoning reflects UNESCO’s philosophy of balancing nature conservation with human well-being.

    Conclusion

    The UNESCO recognition of the Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve is a milestone for India’s conservation efforts. It not only secures global visibility for this unique high-altitude ecosystem but also provides opportunities for eco-tourism, scientific research, and climate adaptation strategies.

    At a time when fragile ecosystems are under increasing threat from climate change, habitat loss, and unregulated development, this recognition reaffirms the importance of integrated conservation approaches that put local communities at the heart of biodiversity protection.

    With 13 biosphere reserves recognised globally, India’s biodiversity management stands as a model of how traditional knowledge, scientific research, and sustainable development can converge.

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    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) in India

    Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) in India

    Supreme Court upholds JSW Steel’s plan for BPSL, reaffirming IBC’s role in asset revival, recovery, and credit growth despite delays and challenges.

    Context:

    In a significant reversal, the Supreme Court recently upheld the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) order approving JSW Steel’s resolution plan for Bhushan Power and Steel Ltd (BPSL).

    More on News

    • This decision overturned the Court’s own earlier verdict from May 2, which had quashed the plan on rigid procedural grounds and ordered the liquidation of the company. 
    • The initial verdict had created widespread uncertainty among investors, as it undermined a long-drawn resolution process that had the buy-in of the Committee of Creditors (CoC). 
    • The final judgment prioritises the substantive objectives of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)—preserving companies as going concerns and maximising asset value—over minor procedural lapses. It acknowledges that JSW Steel had successfully turned the loss-making BPSL into a profitable entity, and forcing liquidation at this stage would have vitiated the very purpose of the IBC.

    What is the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)?

    The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, is a comprehensive legislation that consolidates and amends the laws relating to reorganisation and insolvency resolution of corporate persons, partnership firms, and individuals in a time-bound manner. Its key objectives are:

    • Maximisation of Value of Assets: To ensure the revival of the corporate debtor and maximise the value for all stakeholders.
    • Promotion of Entrepreneurship: To provide a clear, speedy, and efficient framework for insolvency resolution, thereby encouraging entrepreneurship.
    • Availability of Credit: To strengthen the credit market by ensuring timely resolution and improving recovery rates for lenders.
    • Time-Bound Process: The Code mandates a strict timeline (originally 180 days, extendable to 330 days) for the completion of the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP).
    • Shifting Control from Promoters to Creditors: It introduces a creditor-in-control regime, where the Committee of Creditors (CoC) approves the resolution plan.

    Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016 |The Study IAS

    What have been its achievements?

    The IBC is widely regarded as a landmark reform in India’s economic landscape. Its major achievements include:

    • Significant Improvement in Recovery Rates: Compared to previous mechanisms like SARFAESI and DRTs, the IBC has led to a substantially higher recovery rate for financial creditors.
    • Behavioural Change among Borrowers: The threat of losing control of their company has compelled many delinquent promoters to settle defaults outside of the IBC process, a phenomenon known as the “deterrence effect.”
    • Formal Resolution Framework: It has replaced the earlier ad-hoc and fragmented system with a unified, transparent, and institutionalised process.
    • Revival of Companies: It has facilitated the successful resolution and revival of several large, stressed assets (e.g., Essar Steel, Bhushan Steel), saving jobs and productive capacity.
    • Development of a Secondary Market: The IBC has spurred the growth of a market for distressed assets in India, attracting both domestic and international investors.

    What factors are responsible for its limited success?

    Despite its successes, the IBC has faced several challenges that have limited its effectiveness:

    • Inordinate Delays: The most critical challenge is the significant deviation from the stipulated timelines. Cases often take much longer than 330 days due to a heavy backlog at the NCLT/NCLAT and frequent judicial interventions by higher courts.
    • Operational Creditors’ Treatment: Operational creditors (like suppliers and vendors) often receive a very small share of their dues compared to financial creditors, raising concerns about fairness.
    • High Litigation: The process is often mired in litigation from erstwhile promoters, unsuccessful bidders, or other stakeholders, leading to delays and uncertainty.
    • Infrastructure Bottlenecks: The adjudicating authorities (NCLT benches) are understaffed and overburdened, leading to a growing pile of cases.
    • Liquidation Over Resolution: A large number of CIRPs still end in liquidation rather than resolution, which is often a sub-optimal outcome for all stakeholders.
    • Haircuts for Lenders: While recovery rates are better, banks still have to take significant haircuts in many cases.

    What reforms are needed?

    To realise the full potential of the IBC, the following reforms are necessary:

    • Strengthening Adjudicating Infrastructure: Increasing the number of NCLT and NCLAT benches and appointing more members with specialised expertise to clear the backlog.
    • Reducing Judicial Interference: Establishing clear precedents to minimise appeals and litigation that cause delays, especially at the Supreme Court level for commercial matters.
    • Focus on Pre-Packs: Promoting pre-packaged insolvency resolutions for MSMEs, which can be a faster and less costly mechanism.
    • Clarity on Cross-Border Insolvency: Enacting and implementing a robust framework for cross-border insolvency to handle cases with international assets and creditors.
    • Encouraging Early Identification: Developing a framework for early identification and resolution of financial distress before the situation becomes irreparable.
    • Streamlining the CoC’s Role: Providing clearer guidelines to the CoC to balance the interests of all stakeholders, including operational creditors, while maintaining commercial wisdom.

     

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    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • Karur Stampede and Crowd Management: Lessons for Public Safety in India

    Karur Stampede and Crowd Management: Lessons for Public Safety in India

    The Karur stampede at Vijay’s political rally in Tamil Nadu killed 40 people, including 9 children. This blog examines the causes—overcrowding, lack of crowd control, and inadequate emergency preparedness. It discusses past tragedies such as Hathras (2024) and Elphinstone Road (2017), and highlights NDMA’s crowd management guidelines on risk assessment, technology, and emergency planning. Governance challenges include lax enforcement, political pressures, and poor infrastructure.

    Karur Stampede and Crowd Management: Lessons for Public Safety in India | The study IAS

    Context

    A devastating stampede at a political rally for actor-turned-politician Vijay’s Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam in Karur, Tamil Nadu, claimed the lives of 40 people, including 9 children. This tragedy has once again raised urgent questions about crowd management, governance, and ethical responsibilities in a country where mass gatherings are a regular feature of political and cultural life.

    Factors Responsible for the Karur Stampede

    The Karur stampede, much like previous disasters in India, was not a sudden or unpredictable event. It was the result of multiple preventable failures.

    1. Overcrowding and Poor Venue Design

    The rally attracted numbers far beyond the safe capacity of the open ground. With no controlled entry or exit system, bottlenecks were inevitable.

    2. Lapse in Crowd Control Measures

    A professional crowd management plan was absent. The lack of barricades, zig-zag queue systems, and separate entry and exit points, combined with insufficient trained security personnel, created a hazardous environment.

    3. Triggering Event

    The delayed arrival of the VIP allegedly led to increased crowding and restlessness. When anticipation turned to sudden movement, the lack of preparedness caused a stampede.

    4. Inadequate Medical and Emergency Preparedness

    The emergency response was overwhelmed. There were no adequate on-site medical posts, ambulances, or pre-planned disaster protocols, and local hospitals were unable to cope with the sudden influx of victims.

    Recent Stampedes in India

    The Karur tragedy is part of a long list of stampedes that continue to occur despite repeated guidelines and lessons from past disasters.

    • Hathras Stampede (July 2024): A religious event with over 2.5 lakh people in a space for 80,000. Poor planning and chaotic exit led to 121 deaths.

    • Kochi Stampede (2024): At a college festival, a sudden downpour caused people to rush into confined shelter spaces, leading to fatalities. This underlined the role of weather as a trigger in poorly managed gatherings.

    • Mumbai Elphinstone Road Stampede (2017): A foot-over-bridge bottleneck, worsened by rain and rumours of collapse, resulted in 23 deaths.

    These examples highlight how predictable causes—overcrowding, bottlenecks, poor infrastructure, or sudden triggers—regularly turn gatherings into tragedies.

    NDMA Guidelines on Crowd Management

    The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has issued comprehensive Guidelines on Crowd Management, which, if enforced, could prevent most such tragedies.

    1. Risk Assessment and Capacity Planning
      Pre-event assessment of venue safety capacity, identification of risks, and contingency planning are mandatory.

    2. Crowd Control Plan
      Includes placement of barricades, zig-zag queues, separate entry and exit routes, and proper crowd segregation.

    3. Role of Event Organiser
      Organisers must take primary responsibility for safety, securing permissions, deploying adequate trained staff, and preparing a medical plan.

    4. Use of Technology
      Deployment of CCTV cameras, drones, and public address systems for real-time monitoring and communication.

    5. Emergency Response Plan
      Provision of on-site ambulances, first-aid centres, and coordination protocols with police, fire, and health services.

    Governance Challenges in Managing Stampedes

    Despite clear guidelines, stampedes continue due to governance failures and systemic weaknesses.

    1. Lax Enforcement and Accountability
      While rules exist, authorities often fail to enforce them, especially when dealing with powerful political or religious organisations.

    2. Siloed Approach
      Coordination between police, municipal bodies, fire services, and health departments is often fragmented, delaying response.

    3. Political and Administrative Will
      Imposing crowd limits on political rallies or religious events is politically inconvenient, leading to compromises on safety.

    4. Inadequate Infrastructure
      Public venues like railway stations, temples, and open grounds lack structural capacity for massive gatherings. Infrastructure upgrades are slow and inconsistent.

    Ethical Responsibilities in Crowd Safety

    Crowd management is not just a technical or administrative issue; it is also a matter of ethics. All stakeholders—government, organisers, and participants—carry moral duties.

    1. Government Officials
      They must uphold Article 21 (Right to Life) as a moral duty. Guided by Weberian ethics, they should enforce safety rules with objectivity, accountability, and transparency.

    2. Event Organisers
      They hold a fiduciary responsibility to prioritise safety over publicity. Ethical virtues such as prudence (anticipating risks), honesty (transparent communication), and empathy (considering vulnerable groups) must shape event planning.

    3. Participants
      Individuals should act responsibly, valuing collective welfare over personal excitement. The peaceful and self-regulated mourning procession after the death of artist Zubeen Garg demonstrates that crowd sentiment, while powerful, can be channelled positively.

    The Way Forward

    India’s social and cultural life is inseparable from mass gatherings—whether political rallies, religious festivals, or film star events. The Karur stampede is a grim reminder that preparedness, ethical governance, and strict enforcement of guidelines are essential to safeguard lives.

    Future crowd management must focus on:

    • Strict enforcement of NDMA guidelines.

    • Investment in infrastructure upgrades at vulnerable public spaces.

    • Technology integration for real-time crowd monitoring.

    • Ethical accountability of organisers and officials.

    Only through a holistic approach can India prevent the recurrence of such preventable tragedies.

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    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • Musi River Flooding and Hyderabad: Causes, Impact, and Lessons for the Future

    Musi River Flooding and Hyderabad: Causes, Impact, and Lessons for the Future

    Hyderabad’s Musi River floods expose mismanagement, encroachment, and poor drainage. Learn causes, history, and lessons for resilient urban planning.

    Context

    Recently, Hyderabad witnessed one of its worst flood situations in recent decades, after the Musi River swelled to dangerous levels. The flooding was triggered by heavy rains and the unprecedented release of water from the twin reservoirs, Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar. This crisis exposed not only the city’s vulnerability to extreme weather events but also the weaknesses in its urban planning, infrastructure, and disaster preparedness.

    Why Did Hyderabad Face Flooding?

    The recent flooding was the result of both natural triggers and human-induced factors, making it a classic case of how poor urban management can worsen a natural hazard.

    Musi River Flooding and Hyderabad: Causes, Impact, and Lessons for the Future | The Study IAS

    Natural Reasons

    1. Heavy Rainfall
      The primary reason was intense and concentrated rainfall in the Musi River’s catchment areas. The sheer volume of precipitation overwhelmed both the natural river flow and man-made flood-control structures.

    2. Historical Precedent
      Hyderabad has always been prone to flooding. The 1908 Musi Floods, which killed over 15,000 people, remain a turning point in the city’s history. In response, the Nizams built Osman Sagar (1920) and Himayat Sagar (1927) as flood control measures.

    Man-Made Reasons

    1. Unprecedented Reservoir Releases
      Officials released 35,000 cusecs of water from the reservoirs, with 15 gates of Osman Sagar lifted simultaneously—a first in nearly 60 years. This sudden and large discharge created havoc downstream.

    2. Lack of Early Warning
      Many affected residents complained that no timely alerts were issued before the water release. The absence of advance communication denied them the time to safeguard lives, property, and belongings.

    3. Encroachment and Unplanned Urbanisation
      Hyderabad’s rapid growth has come at a cost. Floodplains have been encroached upon, and natural drainage channels (nalas) have been destroyed or narrowed by unregulated construction. This has severely reduced the areas where water can naturally flow and percolate.

    4. Inadequate Drainage Infrastructure
      The city’s stormwater drainage system is either clogged, undersized, or altogether missing in several localities. It is unable to cope with extreme water volumes, leading to severe waterlogging even in areas far from the Musi River.

    5. Damage to Infrastructure
      The floodwaters washed away retaining walls at the Chaderghat causeway and submerged bridges, raising concerns over the design, quality, and maintenance of flood-control structures in Hyderabad.

    Musi River at a Glance

    Musi River Flooding and Hyderabad: Causes, Impact, and Lessons for the Future | The study IAS

    Feature Description
    Origin Tributary of the Krishna River, originating in the Ananthagiri Hills near Vikarabad, Telangana.
    Flow & Mouth Passes through Hyderabad, joining the Krishna River near Wazirabad in Nalgonda district.
    Major Reservoirs Osman Sagar (1920) and Himayat Sagar (1927) built for flood control.
    Historical Significance The 1908 floods led to modern town planning and reservoir construction by the Nizams.
    Important Landmarks Purana Pul, Erakeswara Temple, Trikuta Temples along its banks.
    Protected Areas Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary, home to marsh crocodiles, lies on its tributary.

    What Administrative Procedures Should Have Been Followed?

    Flooding of this scale could have been avoided or at least mitigated had robust administrative procedures been in place.

    1. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Reservoir Management
      There should be a clear, pre-defined SOP for water release from interconnected reservoirs like Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar. A phased release system instead of sudden large discharges would have minimised the damage.

    2. Cascading Early Warning System

      • Stage 1: Alert district authorities, police, GHMC, and disaster response forces (NDRF, SDRF) as soon as heavy rainfall is forecast in the catchment area.

      • Stage 2: Mandatory public alerts through SMS, sirens, and local loudspeakers at least hours before planned water release, with clear mention of likely affected areas.

    3. Strict Floodplain Zoning
      Enforce regulations that prohibit construction on floodplains and nalas. Existing illegal structures must be systematically identified and removed to restore natural drainage.

    4. Regular Desilting and Drainage Maintenance
      Year-round desilting of major nalas and stormwater drains is crucial to ensure they retain full carrying capacity when extreme rains occur.

    5. Pre-Positioning of Relief Resources
      With accurate weather forecasts, boats, ropes, food packets, and disaster response teams should be pre-positioned in flood-prone zones for immediate rescue and relief.

    6. Inter-Agency Drills and Coordination
      Regular mock drills involving the Water Board, GHMC, Police, HYDRAA, and NDRF should be conducted. This ensures seamless coordination and avoids bureaucratic delays in real emergencies.

    Lessons for Hyderabad

    The Musi River flooding highlights the urgent need for Hyderabad to adopt a resilient urban planning model. It is not enough to rely on reservoirs and outdated infrastructure; instead, the city must focus on:

    • Integrated water management systems

    • Urban resilience planning with climate change in mind

    • Technology-driven early warning systems

    • Public awareness campaigns so citizens know how to act when alerts are issued

    Hyderabad’s floods are not just a natural disaster; they are a reminder that urban mismanagement and poor planning can turn a hazard into a catastrophe.

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    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • Drop in Birth Rate and Sex Ratio: Delhi and Patriarchy

    Drop in Birth Rate and Sex Ratio: Delhi and Patriarchy

    Delhi’s 2024 Births and Deaths Report reveals declining fertility and worsening sex ratio. Explore causes, implications, and policy challenges shaping Delhi’s demographic future.

    Context

    Delhi’s 2024 Births and Deaths Report presents a worrying picture: both fertility rates and the sex ratio have declined, reversing the progress that had been made in gender balance in the capital. This dual decline is not only a statistical concern but also a reflection of deep-rooted social, cultural, and economic challenges.

    Why is Delhi witnessing a decline in fertility?

    Shrinking Family Size and Son Preference

    According to Delhi University scholars, urban families are moving towards smaller households, typically preferring one or two children. While this aligns with modern lifestyle changes, it has also sharpened the desire for a male child. In families determined to have a son, the reduction in desired family size increases the risk of sex-selective practices. This is one of the underlying causes behind Delhi’s skewed sex ratio, as recorded in the Annual Report on Registration of Births and Deaths in Delhi, 2024.

    Economic Pressures

    The rising cost of living in the National Capital Region (NCR) is another major factor discouraging larger families. With housing, healthcare, and education expenses soaring, couples feel burdened by the financial responsibilities of raising multiple children. JNU experts highlight that patriarchal attitudes remain strong—sons are still seen as economic security for the family, while daughters are often viewed as financial liabilities. This perspective strengthens gender bias in reproductive choices.

    Drop in Birth Rate and Sex Ratio: Delhi and Patriarchy | the Study IAS

    Weak Enforcement of the PCPNDT Act

    The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act was designed to curb sex determination and selective abortions. However, its enforcement in Delhi has been alarmingly weak. Only 10% of the mandated inspections of diagnostic centres were carried out in 2024–25, leaving wide gaps for misuse of prenatal testing. This ineffective monitoring continues to enable illegal practices, contributing to the declining sex ratio.

    Safety Concerns and Gendered Norms

    Delhi’s global reputation for poor women’s safety has a subtle but significant effect on parental choices. Many parents still consider raising daughters in the city unsafe, particularly given the frequent reports of harassment and gender-based violence. Such concerns reinforce patriarchal decisions, where sons are prioritised over daughters.

    Education and Fertility Link

    Research demonstrates that maternal education plays a critical role in reproductive health decisions. In Delhi, nearly 40% of mothers with four or more births were below graduate level. This group is less likely to have access to information about contraception, family planning, and maternal healthcare. The lack of awareness and agency among less-educated mothers has perpetuated high fertility within certain demographics, even while overall fertility is falling in the city.

    What are the multidimensional implications?

    Demographic Imbalance

    The most immediate concern is demographic imbalance. The sex ratio at birth fell to 920 girls per 1,000 boys in 2024, down from 933 in 2020. This regression shows the persistence of illegal sex determination practices despite existing laws. If left unchecked, this imbalance could trigger long-term demographic and social challenges similar to those witnessed in states like Haryana.

    Public Health Concerns

    Falling fertility is not occurring in isolation. Delhi also reported 6,866 infant deaths in 2024, most from preventable causes such as septicaemia. This stark figure highlights the gaps in maternal and child healthcare despite an impressive 96% rate of institutional deliveries. It reveals that simply ensuring births in healthcare facilities is not enough without quality postnatal care and awareness of hygiene practices.

    Socio-Economic Risks

    A declining sex ratio is not just a demographic statistic—it carries wide-ranging social and economic consequences. Gender imbalance may lead to marriage squeeze, where a shortage of women results in men remaining unmarried. This, in turn, can fuel trafficking, forced marriages, and increased violence against women. Haryana has already faced such issues due to its skewed sex ratio, and Delhi risks moving in the same direction.

    Policy Challenges and Workforce Pressure

    Delhi’s fertility rate is falling in tandem with a rising death rate. The birth rate stood at 14 per 1,000 in 2024, while the death rate climbed to 6.37 per 1,000. This signals that Delhi is moving into an early stage of demographic transition, where the population stabilises but begins to age rapidly. The Economic Survey 2022–23 flagged this issue for urban areas: a shrinking working-age population will reduce labour force availability and put immense pressure on old-age support systems. Without intervention, Delhi may face a dual crisis of gender imbalance and ageing.

    The Way Forward

    Delhi’s declining fertility and worsening sex ratio highlight the intertwined impact of economic strain, patriarchal preferences, weak legal enforcement, and systemic neglect of women’s safety and education. Addressing this crisis requires:

    1. Stronger enforcement of the PCPNDT Act with regular inspections and penalties for violations.

    2. Investment in maternal education, ensuring women have access to reproductive health awareness and family planning resources.

    3. Gender-sensitive policies to shift perceptions of daughters from liabilities to equals in both economic and social terms.

    4. Improvements in women’s safety through stricter policing and community initiatives, making Delhi a safer place to raise daughters.

    5. Support for families facing economic pressures, through targeted subsidies and affordable childcare, so that reproductive decisions are not driven solely by financial anxieties.

    Unless Delhi takes these steps, the capital risks deepening demographic and social vulnerabilities, which could have severe consequences for its long-term stability and development.

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    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • Tiger Shark Exercise

    Tiger Shark Exercise

    Explore Bangladesh’s shifting defence alliances, marked by the Tiger Shark exercise and growing ties with the US, amidst the backdrop of regional instability and strategic balancing.

    Tiger Shark Exercise | The Study IAS

    Context:

    120 US military personnel arrived in Chattogram, Bangladesh, likely for joint drills under Pacific Angel, following the August 2025 Tiger Shark exercise. This reflects Dhaka’s shift towards warmer ties with Washington and a diversification in defence partnerships post the 2024 regime change.

    What is Pacific Angel?

    It is a multilateral humanitarian response civil military operation of the U.S.A, which enhances military-to-military partnerships in the Pacific while also providing medical outreach, civil engineering projects and subject matter expert exchanges.

     

    What is Tiger Shark exercise?

    Tiger Shark is a bilateral military exercise between the US and Bangladesh focusing on regional security, interoperability, peacekeeping operations, and military capacity building among armed forces.

    • The 2025 edition reinforced cooperation via drills on medical evacuations, improvised explosive device (IED) countermeasures, and search & rescue missions. It also involved collaboration with other partners like Qatar and Thailand pre-exercise.

    What is its significance for South Asian geopolitics?

    • Diversification of Bangladesh’s defence ties: Following dissatisfaction with the quality and reliability of Chinese arms, Bangladesh is expanding partnerships beyond China to the US, India, Turkey, Japan, and Pakistan, reflecting a pragmatic balancing act.
    • Counteracting regional instability: The military modernisation under Forces Goal 2030 aims to secure borders disrupted by insurgencies in Myanmar’s Rakhine and Chin states, ethnic conflicts spilling over from India’s Manipur, and Rohingya refugee crises.
    • Rebalancing India-Bangladesh relations: While ties with India have seen strains post-2024 regime change, existing security cooperation remains important but cautious, especially with incidents like cancellation of defence deals and border agreement renegotiations.
    • US strategic presence in Bay of Bengal: US military presence signals growing American interest in South Asia’s strategic waterways, maritime domain awareness, and counter-terrorism efforts.
    • Emerging trilateral partnerships: Bangladesh’s defence collaborations with Pakistan and China, alongside new Western ties, make it a complex geopolitical player balancing regional rivalries and great power competition.
    • Broader Indo-Pacific balance: Bangladesh’s new defence partnerships contribute to the strategic dynamics in the Indo-Pacific region, intersecting with Japan’s FOIP outreach and NATO-allied UK’s arms offers.

     

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    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • Economic Freedom Index 2025

    Economic Freedom Index 2025

    Explore India’s position at 128th in the 2025 Economic Freedom Index, the factors pulling down its score, global trends, and policy reforms needed to enhance investment, entrepreneurship, and fiscal health.

    Context

    The 2025 Economic Freedom Index, released by The Heritage Foundation, evaluates the economic policies and institutions of 184 countries based on data from July 2023 to June 2024. The index measures economic freedom through parameters like property rights, government integrity, regulatory efficiency, fiscal health, and labour and business freedom. India has been ranked 128th, with a score of 53 out of 100, classifying it as “Mostly Unfree”, marking its lowest score in seven years. This ranking raises concerns about the investment climate, entrepreneurship, and overall economic governance in the country.

    IEF Chart 05 | Economic Freedom: Human Development

    Key Findings of the Index

    India’s Position:
    India’s score of 53/100 places it in the “Mostly Unfree” category, highlighting challenges in government integrity, regulatory efficiency, labour freedom, and fiscal stability.

    Top Performers Globally:
    The countries topping the index include Singapore, Switzerland, Ireland, and Taiwan, demonstrating a correlation between economic freedom and prosperity. Nations with higher economic freedom typically enjoy higher standards of living, better education systems, healthier environments, and greater employment opportunities.

    Global Trends:
    Globally, the average score improved marginally from 58.6 to 59.7, yet a significant number of countries remain “mostly unfree.” This trend underscores persistent regulatory and governance hurdles worldwide.

    Notable Movements:

    • The United States slipped to its historic low, ranking 26th with a score of 70.2, primarily due to increased government spending and fiscal deficits.

    • Argentina achieved substantial gains through fiscal and regulatory reforms under President Javier Milei, illustrating how policy reforms can rapidly improve economic freedom.

    Economic Freedom: Regional Variations

    Factors Contributing to India’s Decline

    Several structural and policy-related issues have contributed to India’s lower ranking:

    Weak Government Integrity:
    Persistent corruption, lack of transparency, and administrative inefficiencies undermine business operations and deter investor confidence. Bribery, discretionary powers, and opaque processes in government procurement and licensing exacerbate these challenges.

    Limited Labour Freedom:
    India’s rigid labour laws restrict workforce flexibility, making it difficult to hire or terminate employees. Cumbersome regulations and restrictions on workforce mobility reduce competitiveness and discourage entrepreneurship. The impact is particularly felt in manufacturing and start-up sectors where agility is essential.

    Poor Fiscal Health:
    High public debt, rising fiscal deficits, and inefficient government spending weaken overall economic stability. The crowding out of private investment by excessive government borrowing reduces funds available for productive private-sector initiatives.

    Burdensome Bureaucracy:
    Entrepreneurs face lengthy, complicated procedures to start a business, obtain licenses, and comply with regulatory requirements. Multiple agencies often demand overlapping documentation, creating delays and uncertainty. The absence of a fully functional single-window clearance system further complicates the process.

    Regulatory Restrictions:
    Discretionary powers in inspections, licensing, and compliance create unpredictability. Overlapping laws at central, state, and municipal levels impede smooth business operations. Excessive regulatory oversight discourages formalisation of businesses and affects ease of doing business.

    Implications for India

    India’s performance in the Economic Freedom Index has several critical implications:

    Investment and Growth:
    A low ranking signals to domestic and international investors that policy unpredictability, bureaucratic hurdles, and regulatory inefficiencies remain a concern. This may slow capital inflows, technology adoption, and industrial growth.

    Entrepreneurship:
    Entrepreneurs face significant friction due to labour restrictions, fiscal instability, and regulatory complexities. Start-ups and small businesses may be deterred from formalising, impacting innovation and job creation.

    Global Competitiveness:
    Compared to top performers such as Singapore and Switzerland, India’s relatively low score undermines its position as a preferred destination for high-quality investment and skilled talent.

    Policy Lessons:
    India’s declining ranking highlights the need for structural reforms:

    • Strengthening government integrity and transparency.

    • Simplifying labour laws and improving workforce mobility.

    • Rationalising regulatory processes and implementing single-window clearances.

    • Improving fiscal discipline and redirecting government spending toward growth-enhancing sectors.

    Conclusion

    The 2025 Economic Freedom Index underscores that India faces significant structural, regulatory, and governance challenges. While it remains one of the fastest-growing major economies, limitations in policy transparency, bureaucratic efficiency, labour freedom, and fiscal health hinder the country’s potential. Addressing these issues through targeted reforms can improve ease of doing business, attract foreign and domestic investment, and enhance India’s long-term economic competitiveness. A higher economic freedom score would not only strengthen growth but also improve the overall quality of life for its citizens.

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  • AFSPA Extension in Northeast India: Impact and Human Rights Challenges

    AFSPA Extension in Northeast India: Impact and Human Rights Challenges

    Explore the implications of the AFSPA extension in Manipur, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh, the challenges to human rights, and the way forward for fiscal autonomy and security in the Northeast.

    Context:

    The Union Home Ministry has recently extended the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) for another six months in parts of Manipur, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh. This decision has sparked renewed debate on its effectiveness and the human rights implications of the law, which has been in place for decades to manage insurgency and unrest in the Northeast of India.

    What is the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA)?

    Enacted in 1958, the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act grants special powers to the armed forces in “disturbed areas” to maintain public order. The law aims to tackle insurgency, separatism, and cross-border terrorism, particularly in the Northeast and Jammu & Kashmir, where civilian administrations often struggle to maintain law and order due to ongoing conflicts.

    What powers are given to the armed forces under AFSPA?

    Under Section 3 of AFSPA, the armed forces are granted significant powers when deployed in disturbed areas:

    • Use of Force: The military has the authority to use force, including lethal force, against individuals violating the law or causing disturbances.

    • Arrest Without Warrant: Armed forces can arrest individuals without a warrant and carry out searches.

    • Immunity from Prosecution: The armed forces enjoy immunity from prosecution unless sanctioned by the Union Government.

    These sweeping powers have been controversial, as they provide the military with significant latitude in dealing with insurgencies and internal conflicts.

    Where is AFSPA currently imposed and why?

    AFSPA Extension in Northeast India: Impact and Human Rights Challenges | ThestudyIAS

    As of October 2025, it is imposed in various regions of India due to ongoing unrest and insurgency concerns. These areas are:

    • Jammu & Kashmir: The region has been dealing with cross-border terrorism and insurgency, primarily from groups like Hizbul Mujahideen and Lashkar-e-Taiba.

    • Manipur: Ethnic violence erupted in May 2023 between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities, leading to the extension of AFSPA to manage the situation.

    • Nagaland: The longstanding insurgency, primarily by the NSCN-K (Khaplang) group, has led to AFSPA’s continued enforcement.

    • Arunachal Pradesh: Increased insurgency activities by factions of the NSCN have warranted the imposition of the act.

    • Assam: Insurgency and militancy, particularly from ULFA (United Liberation Front of Assam), have kept AFSPA in force.

    What has AFSPA achieved since its imposition?

    Despite the controversy surrounding its use, it has contributed significantly to reducing insurgency and improving security in these troubled regions. Some key achievements include:

    • Insurgency Decline: According to the MHA Annual Report 2023–24, insurgency incidents in the Northeast have reduced by over 80% since 2014.

    • Peace Accords: AFSPA has facilitated peace agreements, such as the Framework Agreement (2015) with the NSCN-IM, paving the way for ceasefire and dialogue.

    • Improved Connectivity & Development: The reduction in insurgency has led to improved infrastructure and development, as noted by the Economic Survey (2021–22), which highlighted that decreased violence has encouraged greater investment in the region.

    What challenges is AFSPA facing?

    Despite these achievements, it  faces several challenges, particularly related to human rights concerns and judicial scrutiny:

    • Human Rights Concerns: Allegations of misuse have been raised, particularly in incidents such as the 2004 Manorama Devi case in Manipur, which led to large-scale protests and public outcry.

    • Judicial Scrutiny: The Supreme Court, in the Extra Judicial Execution Victim Families Association (EEVFAM) vs Union of India (2016) case, held that the use of force under AFSPA must be proportionate and subject to judicial review.

    • Trust Deficit: The Justice Hegde Commission (2013) found several encounter killings in Manipur to be staged, undermining trust in the armed forces and the law’s application.

    What are the recommendations for the way forward?

    Various committees have provided recommendations for reforming or repealing AFSPA. These include:

    • Justice Jeevan Reddy Committee (2005): Recommended the repeal of AFSPA, suggesting that its provisions be incorporated into the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967.

    • Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2007): Suggested AFSPA should be reviewed and made more humane, with greater emphasis on accountability and procedural safeguards.

    • Verma Committee on Women’s Safety (2013): Called for the exclusion of AFSPA’s immunity in cases of sexual violence to prevent abuse and ensure justice for victims.

    • Parliamentary Standing Committees: Stress phased withdrawal as insurgency declines, recommending a gradual reduction in military powers in the region as peace is restored.

    Despite its success in reducing insurgency, AFSPA continues to face legitimacy challenges due to allegations of misuse and human rights violations. The way forward must strike a balance between national security and human rights, with a phased withdrawal of military powers, greater accountability, and the strengthening of local policing systems.

    Conclusion:

    The extension of AFSPA in the Northeast highlights the ongoing security concerns but also raises serious questions about the long-term impact of such a law on the region’s stability and the lives of its residents. While the law has helped in controlling insurgency and promoting peace agreements, its continued imposition affects the democratic rights of the people living in the affected regions. The challenge remains to find a path that ensures national security while protecting human rights and providing a sustainable future for the people in these states.

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  • Environmental Justice in India: NGT’s Role, Jurisdictional Overlaps & Key Rulings

    Environmental Justice in India: NGT’s Role, Jurisdictional Overlaps & Key Rulings

    Explore the role of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) in India’s environmental justice system, its key rulings, and challenges arising from jurisdictional overlaps with High Courts and the Supreme Court.

    Context:

    The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has recently come into the spotlight following its report on illegal tree felling on forest land allotted to a Satsang group in India. This incident underscores the critical role of the NGT in safeguarding the environment and enforcing laws related to ecological protection. The case also highlights jurisdictional overlaps between the NGT, High Courts, and the Supreme Court, raising questions about procedural fragmentation and challenges in ensuring timely environmental justice.

    What is the National Green Tribunal (NGT)?

    Established in 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act, the NGT is a specialised body tasked with environmental protection and resolving disputes related to forest conservation and pollution control. Its primary aim is to provide speedy, expert-driven adjudication of environmental cases. The NGT is mandated to resolve cases within six months of filing, offering a quicker alternative to the often backlogged Indian judiciary.

    The tribunal comprises judicial and expert members and has jurisdiction over a wide range of environmental statutes, such as the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Water Act, Air Act, and Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. Importantly, appeals against NGT decisions are directly heard by the Supreme Court under Section 22 of the NGT Act.

    The NGT’s Principal Bench is located in New Delhi, with circuit sittings held in Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata, and Chennai. By taking on environmental cases, the NGT has significantly reduced the burden on higher courts while holding statutory bodies accountable through its orders.

    Prominent NGT Rulings:

    The NGT has delivered numerous landmark decisions that demonstrate its proactive role in environmental jurisprudence. Some of its significant rulings include:

    • Almitra Patel v. Union of India (2012): A nationwide ban on open waste burning.

    • Vardhaman Kaushik (2015): Orders to remove diesel vehicles older than 10 years in Delhi NCR to combat air pollution.

    • 2024-25 Orders: Demolition of 29 illegal bungalows on the Indrayani River floodplain and imposition of a ₹2 crore fine on the Rishikesh-Karnprayag rail project for improper debris disposal.

    • Nationwide ban on concretising tree bases to protect urban green cover.

    These rulings reflect the NGT’s application of key principles such as the Polluter Pays principle and the Precautionary Principle in enforcing environmental protection laws.

    NGT’s Jurisdictional Overlap with High Courts and Supreme Court:

    While the NGT Act grants exclusive jurisdiction over environmental matters, High Courts retain their writ powers under Article 226, and the Supreme Court can intervene under Article 32 for matters of natural justice and fundamental rights. This overlap leads to a complex judicial structure in environmental cases.

    Judicial Cooperation:

    In some cases, the Supreme Court has extended the NGT’s jurisdiction. For instance, in the Raza Ahmad v. State of Chhattisgarh (2022) case, the Supreme Court allowed the NGT to take up land-use violations tied to environmental clearance. Similarly, the Ankita Sinha (2021) case saw the Supreme Court reaffirm the NGT’s suo moto powers.

    Judicial Discord:

    However, some decisions have led to jurisdictional disputes. In the Auroville case (2025), the Supreme Court struck down an NGT order, citing jurisdictional overreach. Similarly, in the Yogendra Mohan Sengupta case, the Supreme Court overruled the NGT’s decision to stay a development plan for Shimla until 2041. In another major ruling, the Supreme Court clarified its stance on firecrackers, reversing the NGT’s complete ban, instead recommending a balanced approach considering public health and religious practices.

    The Role of the NGT and Its Overlapping Jurisdictions:

    While the NGT has a specialised role in environmental protection, the overlapping jurisdictions with the High Courts and the Supreme Court sometimes create complications in the judicial process. This system allows for checks and balances but can also result in duplicative efforts, procedural delays, and uncertainty for litigants.

    For example, in the Satsang tree felling case, the NGT could address violations under the Forest (Conservation) Act, but land rights or issues like religious exemptions may be better suited to the High Court’s jurisdiction. This scenario highlights the fragmentation between different judicial bodies, complicating the application of environmental laws in India.

    Key Challenges to Environmental Justice:

    1. Fragmented Governance: The overlapping jurisdictions of the NGT, High Courts, and Supreme Court can lead to inconsistent rulings and delays in addressing critical environmental concerns.

    2. Lack of Resources: The NGT faces challenges in enforcing its orders, often due to limited resources and bureaucratic inefficiencies.

    3. Need for Holistic Approaches: Environmental issues often require coordinated action across different sectors of government. Jurisdictional disputes complicate this coordination, undermining the effectiveness of environmental governance.

    Way Forward:

    To ensure effective environmental justice, the judicial framework must be streamlined. Several steps can be taken:

    • Clearer Jurisdictional Boundaries: Defining the NGT’s scope of powers and avoiding overlaps with constitutional courts could reduce confusion.

    • Better Coordination: Enhanced coordination between the NGT, High Courts, and Supreme Court could facilitate smoother decision-making processes in environmental cases.

    • Empowered Enforcement: Strengthening the enforcement mechanisms of the NGT could help ensure the timely implementation of its orders.

    In conclusion, the National Green Tribunal plays a vital role in environmental protection and governance in India. While its jurisdictional overlap with other judicial bodies presents challenges, it also creates opportunities for collaborative governance. As India continues to face increasing environmental pressures, ensuring the efficiency and clarity of this system will be crucial for maintaining ecological integrity and securing sustainable development.

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  • Desert Soilification Technology: Revolutionising Agriculture in Arid Regions

    Desert Soilification Technology: Revolutionising Agriculture in Arid Regions

    Discover how Rajasthan’s groundbreaking desert soilification technology is revolutionising agriculture in arid regions by improving water retention and boosting crop yields. Learn more about its impact on desertification and sustainable farming.

    Context:

    Researchers at the Central University of Rajasthan (CUoR) have introduced an innovative agricultural solution—desert ‘soilification’ technology. This cutting-edge technology has made it possible to grow wheat on arid desert land, using a bioformulation designed to transform barren desert sand into soil-like material. This breakthrough promises significant strides in addressing desertification and boosting agricultural productivity in dry regions.

    What is Desert ‘Soilification’ Technology?

    Desert “soilification” technology is an innovative agricultural method that aims to convert loose desert sand into fertile, soil-like material, making it suitable for crop cultivation. The technology relies on an indigenous bioformulation enriched with polymers and beneficial microbes. These components improve the water retention capacity, soil structure, and stress resistance of crops, all of which are essential for thriving in arid environments.

    Field trials of this technology were conducted in Ajmer district, Rajasthan, where wheat was successfully grown on desert land for the first time. This experiment marks a significant milestone in the battle against desertification, particularly in arid regions like Rajasthan and the expanding Thar Desert.

    Desert Soilification Technology: Revolutionising Agriculture in Arid Regions

    How Does It Benefit Agriculture and the Environment?

    The desert “soilification” technology offers several key advantages for both agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability:

    1. Agricultural Productivity:

    • The successful cultivation of wheat in desert conditions using this technology demonstrates its potential to improve agricultural productivity in areas with low fertility.

    • A notable achievement of this technology was the 1:20 seed-to-yield ratio for wheat, a figure far higher than traditional desert farming methods.

    • The technology also showed ~50% higher yield in bajra, guar gum, and chickpea trials on amended sand, indicating that it can significantly increase crop yields in desert regions.

    2. Water Efficiency:

    • Water efficiency is a crucial factor in farming in arid regions. The desert soilification technology has reduced irrigation cycles from 5–6 cycles (typical for conventional wheat farming) to just 3–4 cycles, making water use significantly more efficient.

    • This high water-retention efficacy is essential for farming in arid zones, where water scarcity is a major challenge.

    3. Climate and Land Restoration:

    • The technology offers a scalable solution to combat desertification, particularly in the Aravali ranges, which have been suffering from degradation.

    • It can halt the expansion of the Thar Desert, which has been encroaching towards the National Capital Region (NCR), posing serious threats to the environment and agriculture.

    • By transforming barren landscapes into productive ecosystems, this technology contributes to climate resilience and sustainable land management.

    4. Crop Diversification Potential:

    • The technology is not limited to wheat cultivation alone. Researchers are currently working on expanding its application to other crops, such as millet and green gram, which can further enhance food security in dryland regions.

    • By diversifying crops, the technology helps to build more resilient agricultural systems capable of withstanding climate change and resource scarcity.

    The Importance of Indigenous Knowledge and Science

    This innovation exemplifies how applied science, when rooted in local ecology and indigenous knowledge, can provide high-impact solutions for environmental and agricultural challenges. The integration of local wisdom with modern technology has the potential to bridge the gap between research and real-world change, transforming barren landscapes into productive, sustainable ecosystems.

    Potential for Broader Impact

    The success of this technology in Rajasthan’s desert regions holds promise for other desertified areas across the globe. As desertification becomes an increasingly pressing issue, solutions like desert soilification could play a crucial role in climate change mitigation, land restoration, and sustainable farming. It could also provide new economic opportunities for rural communities in regions struggling with poverty and resource scarcity.

    The technology’s potential to enhance agricultural productivity while conserving water resources and promoting sustainable land use aligns with the global push for climate resilience and sustainable agriculture. As the technology continues to develop, it could become an essential tool in the fight against desertification, benefiting both local communities and the broader ecosystem.

    Conclusion

    The desert soilification technology developed by CUoR represents a significant leap forward in the battle against desertification and the promotion of sustainable agriculture. By converting desert sand into fertile soil, this innovative approach holds the potential to boost agricultural productivity, improve water efficiency, and restore degraded lands. With continued research and expansion, it could become a transformative tool for farmers in arid regions, contributing to climate resilience and food security worldwide.

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  • SUNIYO Scheme: Impact on Delhi’s Property Tax and Fiscal Health

    SUNIYO Scheme: Impact on Delhi’s Property Tax and Fiscal Health

    The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) has extended its one-time property tax amnesty scheme — SUNIYO (Sampattikar Niptaan Yojana) — by three months, providing taxpayers another opportunity to clear pending property tax dues with significant benefits.Learn how the scheme improves fiscal health and public services in Delhi.

    SUNIYO Scheme: A Key Initiative for Property Tax Arrears Recovery Context:

    What is MCD’s SUNIYO Scheme?

    Sampattikar Niptaan Yojana (SUNIYO) is an amnesty scheme launched by the MCD for the financial year 2025-26 to recover long-pending property tax arrears. The scheme aims to incentivise taxpayers to clear their dues by offering substantial financial relief.

    Key Features of the SUNIYO Scheme:

    1. Objective:
      The primary goal is to encourage taxpayers to settle their outstanding property tax dues by providing a complete waiver on interest and penalties for dues accumulated prior to the financial year 2020-21.

    2. Waiver Benefit:
      The scheme waives off interest and penalties on pending property tax dues for the period before 2020-21. However, to avail of this benefit, taxpayers are required to clear the principal amount for the current financial year (2025-26) along with the principal arrears for the years 2020-21 to 2024-25.

    3. Extended Timeline:
      Initially launched in June 2025, the scheme was given a three-month extension until December 31, 2025. During this period, taxpayers will need to pay the principal dues, but a 2% late fee will be applicable on principal amounts paid from October 1 to December 31, 2025.

    How Does the Scheme Help Improve the Fiscal Health of Local Bodies?

    The SUNIYO scheme serves as a strategic tool to improve the fiscal health of urban local bodies like the MCD, providing a financial boost and improving the long-term stability of municipal revenue.

    1. Immediate Revenue Boost:

    One of the scheme’s biggest advantages is its ability to generate immediate revenue for the MCD. By offering a waiver on interest and penalties, the scheme motivates a large number of defaulters to pay their principal property tax amounts. This has resulted in a significant inflow of cash for the municipality.

    Progress so far:
    Nearly 1 lakh taxpayers have already availed of the scheme, leading to a total property tax collection of ~₹2,000 crore for FY 2025-26. This immediate revenue influx is a crucial boost to the fiscal resources of the MCD.

    2. Expanding the Taxpayer Base:

    The scheme helps bring previous non-filers or chronic defaulters back into the tax fold. This has led to an approximate 20% increase in the taxpayer base compared to the same period last year. A broader taxpayer base is vital for the long-term fiscal health of the MCD, ensuring more stable and predictable revenue streams in the future.

    3. Cleaning Up Legacy Dues:

    The scheme also helps in clearing old, disputed, and hard-to-recover arrears. By settling these legacy dues, the MCD can begin with a cleaner financial slate. This not only helps streamline financial operations but also allows for more accurate revenue forecasting and better management of current taxes. Reducing the backlog of unpaid dues ensures more efficient governance and prevents administrative gridlock caused by prolonged disputes.

    4. Funding Essential Services:

    Enhanced revenue from the SUNIYO scheme is vital for funding critical civic services. The MCD can use the funds to support key public services, such as:

    • Sanitation and waste management: Ensuring cleanliness in the city.

    • Public health initiatives: Such as fogging to combat vector-borne diseases.

    • Infrastructure maintenance: Repairing and upgrading roads, streetlights, and other essential facilities.

    With a more robust revenue base, the MCD is better positioned to meet its budgetary requirements for these services and improve living conditions for Delhi residents.

    Conclusion:

    The SUNIYO scheme represents a win-win strategy for both the MCD and taxpayers. For the MCD, it offers an opportunity to recover significant dues, clean up legacy arrears, and bolster revenue for essential services. For taxpayers, it provides an incentive to settle their dues with the relief of avoiding interest and penalties. However, to ensure long-term sustainability, the MCD must work towards reducing reliance on schemes like SUNIYO by fostering a more consistent tax compliance culture.

    As more taxpayers avail of the scheme, the MCD can expect increased revenue, which will have a positive impact on the fiscal health of the local body. The extension of the deadline gives more people a chance to clear their dues, supporting municipal growth and enabling improved governance.

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  • GST Reforms and Fiscal Imbalances

    GST Reforms and Fiscal Imbalances

    GST Reforms 2.0 have increased States’ reliance on the Centre, eroding fiscal autonomy. This blog discusses how these changes affect governance and fiscal balance.

    Context:

    The latest round of GST rate cuts has sparked concerns among the Finance Ministers of Telangana and Kerala, as they warn about the increasing fiscal dependence of States on the Centre. These concerns stem from the significant changes brought about by GST Reforms 2.0, which have altered the fiscal dynamics between the Centre and States, eroded the revenue-raising capacity of States, and placed an unfair burden on them in terms of developmental expenditure. This blog delves into how GST reforms are affecting the financial stability and autonomy of States and challenges the very foundation of fiscal federalism in India.

    How are GST Reforms 2.0 Affecting States?

    1. Revenue Assurance Not Met
      When the Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced, States were promised a 14% annual growth in tax revenue to compensate for any losses in revenue post-GST implementation. However, the reality has been far from the promise. State GST collections have only managed to grow at 7-8% annually, much lower than the expected growth. This has led to a substantial revenue shortfall, putting additional pressure on State finances.

    2. Rising Dependence on the Centre
      Prior to the GST system, States had fiscal autonomy, managing their own tax collections through mechanisms like VAT, Entertainment Tax, and Entry Tax. However, with the introduction of GST, tax collections are centralised, and States are increasingly dependent on the Centre for their share of revenue. This centralisation reduces the States’ ability to raise revenue independently, weakening their financial autonomy.

    3. Erosion of Developmental Spending Capacity
      Another key concern arising from the new GST system is that although States bear nearly two-thirds of total government expenditure (64%), they now receive a smaller share of the revenue after the GST implementation. This misalignment in revenue collection and expenditure allocation severely limits States’ ability to invest in essential areas such as welfare, infrastructure, healthcare, and education. Consequently, States are left with limited resources for developmental spending, hindering their capacity to promote growth and welfare.

    4. Uncertainty in Revenue Projections
      The recent GST rate cuts have further compounded the uncertainty around revenue projections. States like Kerala anticipate losses of ₹8,000–10,000 crore due to the rate cuts, with no clear compensation mechanism in place from the Centre. This lack of clarity and non-commitment to compensation has created budget volatility, forcing States to face financial instability and uncertain fiscal conditions.

    5. Process Concerns in GST Rate Rationalisation
      Another point of contention is the GST rate rationalisation process. In the past, rate changes were backed by detailed reports and discussions, involving contributions from both the Centre and States. However, the latest GST rate cut process has been largely led by the Centre, with no consultation or input from the States. This top-down approach undermines the principle of cooperative federalism, where both the Centre and States are supposed to work together in policy formulation. As a result, the decision-making process has shifted to a more centralised model, leaving States with little say in the changes that directly impact their finances.

    What Other Factors Are Challenging Fiscal Federalism?

    1. Cess and Surcharge Distortion
      One of the key challenges in the current fiscal system is the growing reliance on cesses and surcharges. The 15th Finance Commission mandated a 41% revenue devolution to States. However, approximately 20% of Union revenues are mobilised through cess and surcharge mechanisms, which are not shared with States. As a result, States effectively receive only about 30-32% of Central taxes, despite shouldering a larger portion of national expenditure. This distortion in revenue-sharing further exacerbates fiscal stress on States.

    2. Vertical Imbalance in Resource Distribution
      The current fiscal structure shows a vertical imbalance between the Centre and States. While the Centre collects around 60% of national revenues, States are responsible for 64% of total expenditure. This mismatch places an undue burden on States, limiting their ability to meet their financial commitments and exacerbating fiscal imbalances. States face increased pressure as they are expected to spend more, but have limited revenue sources to fund their expenditures.

    3. Decline in States’ Fiscal Autonomy
      Over time, States have become increasingly dependent on centrally sponsored schemes and tied funds, which restrict their ability to design welfare programmes tailored to their specific needs. The heavy reliance on the Centre for funding makes States less autonomous in managing their own development agendas. This loss of fiscal autonomy weakens their role in shaping local policies and addressing region-specific challenges.

    Conclusion: The Need for a Balanced Approach

    The GST reforms 2.0 have exposed the growing fiscal vulnerability of States and their increasing dependence on the Centre. As States continue to bear the brunt of developmental expenditures, the existing fiscal imbalance and misaligned revenue-sharing mechanisms are further exacerbating the problem. To ensure sustainable growth and equitable development across the country, there is a need for reforms that ensure more fiscal autonomy for States, especially in terms of revenue generation and allocation.

    Additionally, a more collaborative approach to GST reform, with greater consultation between the Centre and States, will be crucial in ensuring a balanced and fair distribution of resources. States must be empowered to take charge of their economic future, while also being provided with the necessary support to meet the evolving demands of their populations. Only then can India’s federal structure truly thrive in a dynamic and inclusive manner.

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  • India’s Urban Definition Fails Growing Towns

    India’s Urban Definition Fails Growing Towns

    India risks misclassifying growing towns under outdated Census rules. Learn why redefining “urban” is vital for governance, infrastructure, and equity.

    Context

    The Registrar General of India has proposed retaining the 2011 Census definition of urban areas for Census 2027. This decision has sparked concerns that rapidly urbanising settlements may continue to be misclassified as rural, depriving them of adequate governance, infrastructure, and resources. As India undergoes one of the fastest urban transitions globally, the stakes of how “urban” is defined are significant for both governance and development.

    Major Limitations of the 2011 Census Definition of ‘Urban’

    The 2011 Census of India classified urban areas into two categories:

    1. Statutory Towns – Settlements officially notified by state governments with urban local bodies (ULBs) such as municipalities, corporations, or cantonment boards.

    2. Census Towns – Rural settlements that met three criteria:

      • Minimum population of 5,000.

      • At least 75% of the male working population engaged in non-agricultural activities.

      • Population density of at least 400 persons per square kilometre.

    While straightforward, this definition has critical shortcomings.

    1. Gender Bias

    The criterion of 75% male workforce in non-agricultural activities ignores women’s economic roles, particularly in informal, unpaid, and home-based labour. Women’s contribution in peri-urban and transitioning areas is systematically undercounted, leading to skewed classifications.

    2. Exclusion of Informal Employment

    India’s urbanisation today is shaped not just by formal industry but also by the informal sector and the gig economy. Migrants, construction workers, service providers, and app-based gig workers often operate in settlements classified as rural, even though these areas function as de facto urban clusters.

    3. Narrow Thresholds

    The rigid cut-offs for population size, density, and occupational structure fail to capture settlements that exhibit urban characteristics but miss one or two benchmarks. This leaves many semi-urban and peri-urban areas outside the official definition of “urban.”

    Implications on Governance

    The outdated classification has far-reaching effects on governance, planning, and resource allocation.

    1. Delayed Urbanisation Recognition

    The misclassification of settlements slows recognition of urban growth. For instance, in West Bengal, 251 settlements that were census towns in 2001 continued to remain under rural governance by 2011. These delays prevent the timely extension of urban governance frameworks.

    2. Inadequate Infrastructure and Services

    Areas that function like towns but are labelled “rural” often lack urban planning, sanitation, healthcare, and transport systems. Without urban local bodies, they depend on Panchayati Raj institutions that are typically designed for rural welfare schemes, not urban service delivery.

    3. Exclusion from Urban Benefits

    Such settlements are denied access to urban development schemes, fiscal transfers, and institutional autonomy. This exclusion stifles their economic potential, creating mismatches between actual needs and available resources.

    India’s Urban Definition Fails Growing Towns

    Why Updating the Urban Definition Matters

    India’s urbanisation is no longer confined to metropolitan cities. Small and medium towns, peri-urban belts, and clustered villages are driving much of the growth. Failing to classify them correctly risks creating:

    • Service delivery deficits, with housing, water, and waste management lagging behind.

    • Economic bottlenecks, as emerging hubs lack financial support for infrastructure.

    • Social inequalities, since residents of urban-like settlements are denied access to schemes available in cities.

    Without timely recognition, these areas fall into a governance vacuum, neither rural enough for Panchayat models nor urban enough for municipal planning.

    Recommendations for Redefining ‘Urban’

    To ensure that India’s urbanisation process is both inclusive and effective, several reforms are needed:

    1. Inclusive Criteria

    Introduce gender-sensitive indicators that account for women’s informal and unpaid work. Recognising informal employment and gig economy participation will also provide a more accurate reflection of settlement realities.

    2. Functional and Dynamic Classification

    Move beyond rigid thresholds to a functional approach—classifying areas based on actual characteristics such as commuting patterns, built-up areas, and economic activity. A dynamic classification would allow settlements to transition more smoothly between rural and urban categories.

    3. Regular Updates

    Rather than waiting a decade between censuses, classification should be periodically reviewed to reflect rapid socio-economic and demographic changes. Mid-decade reviews, AI-based spatial analysis, and satellite imagery can support this.

    Conclusion

    The proposal to retain the 2011 Census definition of “urban” risks perpetuating governance blind spots for India’s fast-growing settlements. With more than 65% of India’s future urban growth expected in smaller towns and peri-urban belts, redefining “urban” is urgent. A forward-looking, inclusive, and flexible classification system would not only ensure equitable resource allocation but also strengthen India’s capacity to manage its urban transition sustainably.

    India’s urban future depends not only on infrastructure and investment but also on how accurately it recognises and governs its changing settlement patterns. Updating the definition of “urban” is therefore not a technical detail—it is a foundational step in shaping India’s growth trajectory.

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    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • Ladakh Protests 2025 – Demands, Statehood, and Autonomy

    Ladakh Protests 2025 – Demands, Statehood, and Autonomy

    Youth-led protests in Ladakh demand statehood, Sixth Schedule status, and job safeguards. Learn about government response, triggers, and constitutional options.

    Ladakh Protests 2025 – Demands, Statehood, and Autonomy | The study IAS

    Context

    In September 2025, Leh witnessed violent youth-led protests over statehood and constitutional safeguards, resulting in four deaths and dozens of injuries. The incident underscores Ladakh’s long-standing concerns about autonomy, representation, and local rights, which remain unresolved since its reorganisation into a Union Territory in 2019.

    What Are the Major Demands of Ladakh?

    The protests are driven by four consistent demands raised by the Leh Apex Body (LAB) and Kargil Democratic Alliance (KDA), representing the Buddhist-majority Leh and the Muslim-majority Kargil respectively.

    1. Full Statehood

      • A separate state to ensure local governance and representation, rather than direct Central control.

    2. Sixth Schedule Protections

      • Inclusion under the Constitution’s Sixth Schedule, granting extensive autonomy over land, resources, and governance to tribal communities.

    3. Separate Parliamentary Representation

      • Distinct Lok Sabha seats for Leh and Kargil, to reflect the region’s diversity and unique challenges.

    4. Local Job and Land Safeguards

      • Reservation of 95% of jobs for locals, including Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Economically Weaker Sections (EWS).

      • Strict domicile-based criteria to prevent outsiders from acquiring land.

    These demands are deeply rooted in Ladakh’s history of marginalisation. While Leh and Kargil traditionally managed local affairs with little political friction, the Union Territory status stripped them of legislative representation and heightened anxieties about culture, ecology, and livelihoods.

    Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC)

    The Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC) was established in 1995 under the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council Act, 1995.

    • Statutory, Not Constitutional: While inspired by the Sixth Schedule, LAHDC is not constitutionally enshrined.

    • Functions: Oversees education, health, infrastructure, and local governance in Leh and Kargil.

    • Representation: Includes 33% reservation for women.

    • Limitations: Its powers remain delegated by Parliament, limiting genuine autonomy.

    For many Ladakhis, LAHDC is inadequate to protect their rights against external pressures, hence the renewed demand for Sixth Schedule inclusion.

    Government Response to the Demands

    In May 2025, the Central government announced partial concessions following negotiations:

    • Job Reservations: 95% for locals, including STs and EWS.

    • Women’s Representation: 33% in Hill Development Councils.

    • Language Recognition: Official recognition of Bhoti, Purgi, Balti, and Shina.

    • Domicile Protection: Stronger criteria for local land and job ownership.

    However, demands for statehood and Sixth Schedule inclusion were deferred. The government cited constitutional limitations and strategic concerns, given Ladakh’s sensitive borders with China and Pakistan.

    Triggers Behind the Recent Violence

    The violent escalation in September 2025 stemmed from multiple factors:

    • Stalled Negotiations: Talks broke down after May 2025, leaving statehood and Sixth Schedule demands unaddressed.

    • Protest Escalation: Two elderly protesters on hunger strike with climate activist Sonam Wangchuk were hospitalised, sparking outrage.

    • Youth Mobilisation: The “Gen Z revolution” gained momentum, leading to mass rallies.

    • Escalation to Violence: Demonstrations turned violent, prompting curfews and prohibitory orders across Leh and Kargil.

    This marks a significant turning point in Ladakh’s political trajectory, shifting from peaceful advocacy to confrontational protest.

    Constitutional Pathways for Accommodation

    Several provisions within India’s constitutional framework could address Ladakh’s demands:

    • Sixth Schedule (Articles 244(2), 275(1)): Grants autonomy to tribal areas over land, resources, and governance. Its extension to Ladakh would safeguard its fragile ecosystem and indigenous identity.

    • Article 371(J): Used in Karnataka, it provides special provisions for local development. A similar tailored arrangement could empower Ladakh.

    • Reservation Policies (Articles 16, 330, 332): Protect employment and political representation for disadvantaged groups and could be adapted to Ladakh’s context.

    Given Ladakh’s small population, ecological fragility, and border sensitivities, any adaptation must balance local empowerment with national security.

    Way Forward

    • Dialogue and Inclusion: Engage not just LAB and KDA, but also youth, women, and remote communities to ensure equitable representation.

    • Strengthening LAHDC: Grant greater financial and administrative autonomy while retaining strategic oversight.

    • Livelihood Protection: Safeguard traditional economies such as Pashmina wool and promote sustainable tourism.

    • Ecology and Security Balance: Any settlement must consider Ladakh’s fragile environment and strategic importance as India’s northern frontier.

    • Incremental Autonomy: Phased reforms could build trust while preserving constitutional integrity and security concerns.

    Conclusion

    The Ladakh protests of 2025 highlight a fundamental tension between local aspirations for autonomy and the Centre’s emphasis on strategic control. While partial concessions have been made, the demand for statehood and Sixth Schedule protections remains central. Lasting peace and stability in Ladakh will depend on inclusive dialogue, constitutional innovation, and trust-building. If managed carefully, Ladakh could become a model for balancing local empowerment, ecological sustainability, and national security.

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    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • Cloud Seeding in India – Delhi’s Artificial Rain Trial

    Cloud Seeding in India – Delhi’s Artificial Rain Trial

    Delhi and IIT Kanpur begin cloud seeding trials to fight pollution. Learn about its benefits, risks, global use, and why artificial rain is no silver bullet.

    Context

    The Delhi government has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with IIT Kanpur to conduct cloud seeding trials as an emergency measure to combat hazardous air pollution. The initiative marks an important step in exploring artificial weather modification technologies in India.

    What is Cloud Seeding?

    Cloud Seeding in India – Delhi’s Artificial Rain Trial | The study IAS

    Cloud seeding is a weather modification technique designed to stimulate rainfall from existing clouds. It works by dispersing substances such as silver iodide or potassium iodide into the atmosphere through aircraft, rockets, or ground-based generators.

    These substances act as condensation nuclei, attracting water vapour which clusters around them to form raindrops. If conditions are favourable, this process increases rainfall.

    Potential Advantages of Cloud Seeding

    1. Air Pollution Control

    • Artificial rain can wash down pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, smoke, and dust particles, temporarily improving air quality.

    • Particularly useful during Delhi’s winter smog episodes, when stagnant air worsens pollution.

    2. Water Resource Management

    • Cloud seeding can enhance rainfall in drought-prone and arid regions.

    • It may help recharge reservoirs, rivers, and groundwater, strengthening water security.

    3. Agricultural Benefits

    • By improving soil moisture during cropping seasons, artificial rain may protect yields from rainfall variability.

    • Could be valuable in regions dependent on monsoon rains.

    4. Disaster Mitigation

    • Cloud seeding is sometimes used to reduce hailstorm intensity by triggering smaller raindrops instead of damaging hailstones.

    Challenges and Concerns

    1. Temporary and Uncertain Results

    • Cloud seeding offers only short-lived relief from pollution, as pollutant levels often rebound within days.

    • Its success depends on pre-existing cloud cover—the technique cannot create rain in cloudless skies.

    2. High Costs

    • Each operation costs crores of rupees.

    • The Delhi trial is estimated at ₹3.5 crore, sparking debate on whether funds would be better spent on long-term emission reduction strategies.

    3. Environmental and Health Risks

    • Silver iodide use raises concerns about soil and water contamination.

    • While scientific studies suggest minimal risks when regulated, there is limited long-term ecological data.

    4. Governance and Coordination Issues

    • Cloud seeding requires approvals from multiple agencies, including aviation, defence, and meteorology authorities.

    • Previous attempts in Delhi were delayed due to bureaucratic hurdles.

    5. Ethical and Geopolitical Concerns

    • Large-scale weather modification may trigger transboundary impacts, raising questions of equity and ownership of rainfall.

    • Who controls artificial rain, and who benefits, could become a diplomatic issue in regions sharing water resources.

    Global Experiences with Cloud Seeding

    • China has used cloud seeding extensively, including during the 2008 Beijing Olympics to ensure clear skies.

    • United States has applied cloud seeding in states such as Colorado and Nevada to enhance snowpack for water supply.

    • UAE has invested heavily in cloud seeding projects to address chronic water scarcity.

    These international cases demonstrate potential benefits but also highlight that results are often inconsistent and unpredictable.

    Way Forward for India

    1. Pilot-Based Learning

      • Delhi’s experiment should be treated as a scientific trial, not a permanent solution.

      • Results must be rigorously studied before scaling up.

    2. Integration with Broader Pollution Control

      • Cloud seeding can only complement, not replace, structural reforms such as emission control, sustainable transport, and crop stubble management.

    3. Transparency and Data Sharing

      • Public reporting of outcomes, costs, and ecological impacts is essential to build trust.

    4. Regulation and Safety

      • India needs clear regulatory guidelines on the chemicals used, environmental monitoring, and cross-departmental coordination.

    5. Research and Indigenous Technology

      • Partnerships between research institutes, meteorological agencies, and state governments can help refine technology and reduce costs.

    Conclusion

    Cloud seeding represents a scientifically promising but practically uncertain tool in the fight against pollution and water scarcity. Delhi’s trials with IIT Kanpur could provide important data on its feasibility in Indian conditions.

    However, artificial rain is no silver bullet. At best, it can offer temporary relief during critical pollution episodes or water shortages. Long-term solutions require systemic changes in emission control, sustainable agriculture, and urban planning.

    If treated as part of a broader climate adaptation and environmental management strategy, cloud seeding could serve as a useful supplementary measure in India’s policy toolkit.

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    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH