The Study IAS

Month: June 2025

  • UK-EU Relations Reset

    UK-EU Relations Reset

    A Eurocentric reset, a gateway for India

    Context: In a landmark diplomatic development, newly elected UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer has initiated a fresh agreement with the European Union (EU), aimed at rebuilding cooperation on food standards, fishing rights, defence, and border checks. 

    More on News

    • While this move primarily addresses post-Brexit tensions in Europe, it carries wide-reaching consequences for India—especially in areas of trade, strategic diplomacy, and diaspora mobility.

    Why the UK-EU Reset Matters for India?

    • India maintains robust trade and diplomatic relations with both the UK and the EU. 
    • In FY2024, India exported goods worth $86 billion to the EU and $12 billion to the UK. 
    • The new UK-EU alignment could harmonise regulations, streamline cross-border trade, and redefine India’s engagement strategy with Europe. 
    • For Indian businesses, exporters, students, and professionals, this development could open up new corridors of opportunity while presenting policy and regulatory challenges.

    Impact on Indian Exports: Simplified Compliance and Greater Market Access

    The renewed cooperation between the UK and EU on regulatory standards could transform India’s export landscape, especially in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, seafood, textiles, and agro-products.

    • Pharmaceutical Exports: India, which supplies over 25% of the UK’s generic medicines, stands to benefit from a unified drug approval process, reducing delays and increasing cost-efficiency.
    • Seafood and Agro-based Products: Indian seafood exports, valued at ₹60,523.89 crore (~$7.38 billion) in FY2024, could face fewer barriers if food safety and fisheries standards are harmonised. 
      • However, stricter compliance rules may challenge India’s small and medium enterprises (SMEs).
    • Strategic Reforms Needed: To stay competitive, India must bolster schemes like the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) and Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP), while upgrading testing, packaging, and logistics infrastructure to meet enhanced Western standards.

    Geopolitical Leverage: A Stronger Voice in Global Governance

    The strategic reset between the UK and EU also enhances India’s scope for multilateral diplomacy. As the UK recalibrates its foreign policy to align more closely with the EU, India can position itself as a crucial partner in areas like:

    • Defence and Maritime Security: India’s existing strategic partnerships with France, Germany, and the UK are key to its defence modernisation, especially in naval power. 
      • A cohesive UK-EU defence policy could enable joint Indo-Pacific engagements and deepen trilateral collaborations.
    • Global Governance and Climate Finance: India’s leadership during the 2023 G20 Summit showcased its clout in the Global South. 
      • A coordinated Western bloc could amplify India’s influence on key issues such as global governance reforms, climate action, and digital infrastructure development.
    • Technological Collaboration: Defence technology transfer and co-development agreements with the UK and Germany can benefit from greater UK-EU policy coherence, leading to enhanced joint ventures and innovation sharing.

    Migration and Talent Mobility: Opportunities for Indian Diaspora

    India boasts the world’s largest diaspora, with significant populations in both the UK and EU. The UK issued over 1,10,000 student visas to Indian nationals in 2024, placing India among its top contributors of international students.

    • Talent Mobility Corridor: Renewed UK-EU cooperation on border checks and migration could lead to a semi-integrated mobility regime, making it easier for Indian professionals and students to access both markets.
    • Enhanced Migration Pacts: India’s bilateral migration agreements with countries like France, Germany, and Portugal could gain traction under a broader UK-EU framework, boosting skilled migration and talent retention.

    India’s Strategic Next Steps

    To make the most of the UK-EU diplomatic reset, India must act decisively on multiple fronts:

    • Modernise Export Infrastructure: Invest in cold chain logistics, warehousing, and quality control to meet evolving EU-UK standards.
    • Accelerate Trade Negotiations: Finalise pending FTAs, especially the India-EU Free Trade Agreement and India-UK FTA, to lock in trade advantages.
    • Strengthen Strategic Alliances: Leverage existing defence and technology pacts to expand trilateral cooperation in the Indo-Pacific.
    • Enhance Diaspora Engagement: Align student mobility, skill development, and migration pacts to new border and employment dynamics in the West.

    The UK-EU reconciliation is far more than a regional policy shift—it’s a reset with global resonance. For India, this is a rare opportunity to enhance trade competitiveness, deepen strategic alliances, and unlock talent mobility. With proactive reforms and smart diplomacy, India can not only navigate the new transatlantic order but lead within it.

     

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

     

  • Should India amend its nuclear energy laws?

    Should India amend its nuclear energy laws?

    Govt considering amendments to Atomic Energy Act, nuclear liability law

    Context: India is actively re-examining its nuclear energy framework—specifically the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA), 2010, and the Atomic Energy Act (AEA), 1962—with the aim of involving private and foreign players in nuclear power generation. 

     

     

    More on News

    • This move is part of a strategy to dramatically increase nuclear capacity from the current 8 GW to 100 GW by 2047, aligning with India’s ambitious clean energy targets.

    Why Amend Nuclear Energy Laws?

    • Attract Private and Foreign Investment: The CLNDA’s strict liability provisions deter foreign firms due to potential legal and financial risks.
      •  Amending these could encourage global players like Westinghouse (U.S.) and Électricité de France (EDF) to invest and supply nuclear technology.
    • Achieve Clean Energy Goals: Scaling nuclear capacity to 100 GW by 2047 requires significant investment and partnerships. 
      • Legal reforms are critical to unlocking these resources for India’s low-carbon energy transition.

    Concerns Surrounding Foreign Investment and Liability

    • Fear of Accountability: Foreign companies worry about being held liable for accidents, which could lead to substantial financial losses. 
      • For instance, firms like Westinghouse and Areva have avoided India’s nuclear sector due to stringent liability laws.
    • Operator-Centric Liability: Current laws place full responsibility on the plant operator (e.g., NPCIL), even if foreign-supplied equipment fails, discouraging suppliers from participating.
    • Historical Precedents: Past incidents like the Bhopal Gas Tragedy fuel public and political caution against reducing liability for foreign firms, emphasising the need for accountability.

    How will Amendments support 100 GW Capacity?

    • Enabling Foreign Participation: Aligning liability norms with international standards like the Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC) could attract firms like Westinghouse and EDF to Indian projects.
    • Boosting Domestic Private Sector: Changes to the AEA could allow Indian companies like L&T and BHEL to contribute to reactor construction and component manufacturing.
    • Promoting Small Modular Reactors (SMRs): Clear legal frameworks could attract investment in SMRs, enabling rapid capacity expansion through advanced, scalable technology.

    [stextbox id=’info’]

    What Are Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)?

    • SMRs are compact nuclear reactors producing up to 300 MW, built in factories for easy transport and quick installation. 

    They feature safer designs with passive cooling and are suitable for remote areas, industrial use, and integration with renewables.

    [/stextbox]

    Challenges in SMR Technology Transfer

    • Profit-Driven Sharing: Foreign firms share technology only if commercially viable, prioritising profits over strategic interests. 
      • For example, U.S. firms may limit SMR tech transfers due to intellectual property risks.
    • Government Restrictions: National security and export controls restrict technology transfers. 
      • For instance, past transfers to China (e.g., AP1000) led to IP misuse concerns.
    • Partial Transfers: Even friendly nations retain core technology, allowing only partial local production. 
      • For example, Russia’s Rosatom permits India to build sub-components but controls critical reactor sections

    [stextbox id=’info’]

    What Is the Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC)?

      • The CSC is an international treaty establishing a global fund for prompt compensation in nuclear accidents. 
      • It assigns primary liability to operators, limits supplier liability, and ensures quick financial support through shared responsibility among member countries.

    [/stextbox]

     

    Why Is the CSC Important?

    • Swift Compensation: CSC ensures rapid financial aid to victims without lengthy litigation, unlike cases like Bhopal.
    • Operator Liability: It channels all responsibility to the operator, protecting suppliers unless misconduct is proven.
    • Global Fund: A multi-tiered fund, including international contributions, supports countries during large-scale nuclear incidents.

    Arguments For and Against Amendments

    • Arguments For:
        • Aligning liability with CSC norms could attract foreign suppliers and insurers, enabling reactor imports and domestic buildout.
        • Private sector involvement, especially in SMRs, could accelerate capacity growth through market-driven investments.
        • Amendments could foster technology transfers, boosting India’s nuclear manufacturing capabilities.
    • Arguments Against:
      • Liability reforms may shift risks onto citizens, potentially undermining safety and accountability.
      • Global investor interest in nuclear projects remains limited, with countries like the U.S. and France not significantly expanding their own capacities.
      • Unproven market appetite for nuclear investments may limit the impact of legal changes.

    Policy Options and Next Steps

    • Liability Alignment: Cap supplier liability at contract value and introduce time-bound recourse to align with CSC norms.
    • Private Sector Role: Allow up to 26% equity in public-private nuclear ventures to involve firms like NTPC in SMR development.
    • Independent Regulator: Establish a new regulatory body separate from the Department of Atomic Energy to oversee public and private nuclear activities.
    • SMR Ecosystem: Utilise the ₹20,000 crore allocated in the 2025 budget for SMR R&D, targeting deployment by 2033 with foreign tech collaboration.

     

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

     

  • 800-Year-Old Pandya-Era Shiva Temple

    800-Year-Old Pandya-Era Shiva Temple

    800-year-old Shiva temple of later Pandya period unearthed near Melur

    Context: In a remarkable archaeological discovery, the remnants of an 800-year-old Shiva temple dating back to the later Pandya period have been unearthed in Udampatti village, located in Melur taluk, Tamil Nadu. 

     

     

    More on News

    • During the excavation, archaeologists discovered two Tamil inscriptions.
    • The inscriptions date the temple to the reign of Maravarman Sundara Pandya around 1217–1218 CE. 

    What does the inscription reveal?

    • The inscriptions reveal that the village was named Attur, and the temple was called Thennavanisvaram, with “Thennavan” being a title used by the Pandyas. 
    • They document a sale deed of a waterbody called Nagankudi, along with wet and dry land, sold for 64 kasu (coins) by Alagaperumal, a chieftain of Kalavalinadu, to Nambi Perambala Kuthan alias Kangeyan. 
    • The inscriptions also specify the four boundaries of the land and waterbody, noting that the tax from the land was designated for the temple’s daily expenses.

    Historical Significance of Discovery

    • The inscriptions provide valuable insights into the socio-economic dynamics of the later Pandya period. 
    • They confirm the ancient name of Udampatti as Attur and highlight the temple’s financial independence, a testament to the administrative sophistication of the Pandya dynasty. 
    • The discovery aligns with earlier documentation by the Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology (1974-75), which noted the existence of ancient temples in the region, many of which are now in ruins or have disappeared.

    About the Pandya Dynasty

    • The Pandya dynasty, one of the three crowned Tamil dynasties alongside the Cholas and Cheras, was a prominent power in South India, with roots tracing back to the 4th century BCE. 
    • Initially ruling from Korkai, they later moved their capital to Madurai. The dynasty experienced a revival under Kadungon in the 6th century, pushing out the Kalabhras, and reached its golden age under Maravarman Sundara Pandyan and Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan in the 13th century.
      • Territorial Expansion: The Pandyas controlled extensive territories, including parts of Kerala, Sri Lanka, and Telugu country, and had trade links with Southeast Asian maritime empires like Srivijaya.
      • Economic Strength: They dominated pearl fisheries along the South Indian coast, producing some of the finest pearls in the ancient world, and maintained diplomatic relations as far as Rome.
      • Cultural Contributions: The Pandyas were patrons of Tamil literature, hosting the legendary Sangams in Madurai. They contributed to art, music, dance (notably Bharatanatyam), and temple architecture, including the iconic Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.
      • Religious Influence: Shaivism and Vaishnavism flourished under their rule, with the Shaivite Nayanars and Vaishnavite Alvars gaining prominence after the dynasty’s revival.

    Decline of the Pandya Dynasty

    • The Pandyas faced repeated conflicts with the Pallavas, Cholas, Hoysalas, and later the Muslim invaders from the Delhi Sultanate. 
    • By 1323, the Jaffna Kingdom in Sri Lanka declared independence, and in 1335, the Pandyas lost Madurai to the Madurai Sultanate. 
    • They continued to rule regions like Tirunelveli and Tenkasi until the Madurai Nayak dynasty emerged in 1529.

     

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

     

  • India’s New National Policy for Senior Citizens

    India’s New National Policy for Senior Citizens

    Government to bring new national policy on senior citizens

    Context: The Indian government is in the process of drafting a new National Policy for Senior Citizens, aiming to address the country’s shifting demographic realities and evolving needs of its elderly population. 

    • Spearheaded by the Union Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, this initiative marks a major policy update since the National Action Plan was introduced in 2020.

    Why a New Policy is Needed?

    • India is on the path to becoming a rapidly aging society. According to projections:
      • Senior citizens comprised 8.23% of the population in 2011
      • This is expected to rise to 12.16% by 2026, and 
      • Reach 20% by 2047
    • This demographic shift has necessitated a comprehensive policy overhaul to ensure social security, dignity, and inclusive growth for India’s elderly.

    Key Developments: National Council for Senior Citizens Meeting

    • The fourth meeting of the National Council for Senior Citizens, held on June 4, 2025, was chaired by Social Justice Minister Virendra Kumar. The meeting focused on:
      • Discussing the draft National Policy for Senior Citizens 
      • Incorporating stakeholder feedback 
      • Reviewing progress on key schemes such as Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY) and the Integrated Programme for Senior Citizens (IPSrC)

    Focus Areas of the Draft Policy

    • Digital Inclusion: With rapid digitisation, the policy will prioritise bridging the digital divide among senior citizens, enhancing their access to online services like healthcare, pensions, and grievance redress mechanisms.
    • Institutional Role of NGOs & Elder Associations: The government aims to institutionalise the role of NGOs and senior citizen associations in policy formulation, implementation, and feedback systems, making the process participatory and people-centric.
    • Grievance Redressal for Elder Abuse: The draft explores establishing dedicated mechanisms to combat elder neglect and abuse, a growing concern amid shifting family dynamics.
    • Minimum Standards for Old Age Homes: To ensure quality care, the policy may enforce uniform standards for old age homes and senior care institutions, focusing on infrastructure, staff, and healthcare services.
    • Community Engagement & Intergenerational Bonding: The policy encourages initiatives that promote social inclusion, active ageing, and intergenerational relationships, helping reduce isolation among seniors.

    Review of Key Welfare Schemes

    • Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY)
        • Over 5 lakh senior citizens have benefited from free assisted-living devices.
        • Focus on post-distribution follow-up and service quality enhancement
    • Integrated Programme for Senior Citizens (IPSrC)
      • Currently supports 708 NGOs
      • Operates old age homes, mobile medicare units, and physiotherapy centres
    • Both programs fall under the National Action Plan for Welfare of Senior Citizens (2020).

    Constitutional and Legal Backing: India’s elderly rights are reinforced by-

    • Article 41 of the Constitution – mandates state support in cases of old age
    • Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 – makes it legally binding for children/legal heirs to support their elders
    • Other provisions include income tax benefits, concessions in travel, and personal laws favouring senior welfare

    Toward a Dignified & Inclusive Future for India’s Elderly

    As India prepares for a demographic transition, the upcoming National Policy for Senior Citizens is expected to ensure dignified ageing, economic security, and inclusive development. With forward-thinking reforms, digital empowerment, and stronger social support systems, the policy aims to transform senior care in India for the decades ahead.

     

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

     

  • The Ocean Protection Gap: Assessing Progress toward the 30×30 Target

    The Ocean Protection Gap: Assessing Progress toward the 30×30 Target

    Ocean protection needs $15.8 billion funding annually, but is receiving only $1.2 billion

    Context: As the world approaches the third United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC3) in France from June 9 to 13, a new report has issued a stark warning: current investments in ocean protection are falling far short of what is needed to meet the global 30×30 target. 

    More on News

    The report, titled The Ocean Protection Gap: Assessing Progress toward the 30×30 Target, prepared by a coalition of non-governmental organisations and funders, estimates that $15.8 billion per year is required to achieve this target. 

    Understanding the 30×30 Target

    • The 30×30 target is part of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, adopted by 196 countries in 2022 to halt and reverse nature loss. 
    • The goal is to conserve 30% of terrestrial, inland water, marine, and coastal areas through Protected Areas (PAs) and Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (OECMs).
      • Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are regions designated for the long-term conservation of marine ecosystems, cultural heritage, and biodiversity. 
      • OECMs, on the other hand, offer effective biodiversity conservation outside formal protected areas.

    The Ocean’s Economic and Environmental Significance

    • Oceans play an indispensable role in global ecosystems:
      • They generate half of the oxygen we breathe.
      • They regulate climate by absorbing heat and storing carbon.
      • They contribute $2.6 trillion annually to the global economy—exceeding the GDP of Brazil or Canada.
      • Ocean-based sectors such as shipping, tourism, fisheries, and marine energy made up 7% of global trade in 2023, according to United Nations Trade and Development (UNCTAD).
    • Despite their significance, ocean ecosystems face mounting threats from climate change, policy fragmentation, and shifting trade dynamics, jeopardizing future gains.

    The Reality of Ocean Protection

    • A World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) update from June 2 reports that only 8.6% of the ocean is protected, and a mere 2.7% is effectively protected. This means that just 2.7% of global waters have regulations and active management to prevent damaging activities.
    • Beth Pike, director of the Marine Protection Atlas, expressed concern, stating:
      • Many Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are unfunded, unstaffed, and unenforced.
      • Less than one-third of coastal countries have specific, measurable, and time-bound plans aligned with the 30×30 target.
      • Many countries’ plans lack specific protection percentages or are not time-bound.
    • To close the protection gap, experts emphasise the importance of strong regulation, active monitoring, and community-led conservation efforts. Pike urged UNOC3 to mark the end of ‘paper parks’—protected areas that exist only in name—and the beginning of real accountability.

    The Financial Challenge: Closing the Gap

    • Establishing MPAs requires $0.6 billion annually, but $15.2 billion is necessary for their long-term management. Developing countries bear a disproportionately heavy burden, needing $4.2 billion annually to manage marine conservation efforts.
    • Investing $15.8 billion per year in MPAs and OECMs could unlock $85 billion in returns annually by 2050. Benefits include:
      • Replenishing fish stocks and ensuring sustainable fisheries.
      • Protecting coastal wetlands that prevent property damage.
      • Preserving seagrass ecosystems, which absorb carbon emissions and mitigate climate change.
      • Boosting tourism revenues, creating jobs, and stimulating local economies.
    • Currently, 90% of ocean conservation funds come from public sources, with 78% deployed domestically. The second-largest contributor is Official Development Assistance (ODA), providing 12% of total funding, followed by philanthropy and private finance.
    • The report called on developed nations to commit $20 billion annually by 2025 and $30 billion annually by 2030 to help developing countries meet conservation goals. Norway and Sweden have met their fair share of funding commitments, while 23 out of 28 assessed countries have paid less than half of their expected contribution.

    Innovative Funding Solutions

    • The report outlines six key financial strategies to bridge the funding gap:
      • Repurposing harmful fishing subsidies.
      • Introducing a fossil fuel extraction levy.
      • Implementing tourism taxes.
      • Issuing sovereign blue bonds.
      • Conducting debt-for-nature swaps.
      • Accessing adaptation finance through grants or concessional debt.
    • These tools could mobilise $6 billion to $18 billion annually toward ocean conservation.
    • Blue bonds are debt instruments issued to finance sustainable marine projects with environmental and economic benefits. Similarly, debt-for-nature swaps allow countries to refinance their debts in exchange for redirecting funds to conservation.
    • Although private finance is expected to play a limited role in the short term, experts anticipate that corporate and private sector involvement could significantly contribute to marine protection after 2030.

    A Call to Action

    • The Ocean Protection Gap report urges immediate investment in ocean conservation and regulatory reforms to strengthen MPA enforcement and management. 
    • As governments convene at UNOC3, the need for stronger financial commitments, innovative funding mechanisms, and community-led stewardship has never been more pressing.
    • If the world hopes to achieve the 30×30 target, protect marine biodiversity, and sustain economic benefits from ocean ecosystems, bridging the $14.6 billion funding gap is essential. The time to act is now.

     

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

     

  • Ensuring Food Safety Through CRISPR-Based Biosensors

    Ensuring Food Safety Through CRISPR-Based Biosensors

    Science in Action: Biosensing for Food Safety

    Context: Food safety is an essential cornerstone of public health and nutrition. However, alarming estimates show that 1 in 10 people worldwide fall ill after consuming contaminated food, with 420,000 deaths reported annually due to unsafe food, according to global health data. 

    More on News

    • The economic toll is equally significant—low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) incur treatment costs of over US$ 15 billion annually, as estimated by the World Bank. 
    • In this landscape, emerging biotechnologies like CRISPR-based biosensors are poised to revolutionise how we detect, monitor, and mitigate foodborne illnesses.

    A Global and Growing Challenge

    • Foodborne diseases are an escalating global concern, intensified by urbanisation, shifting food habits, and climate change, particularly impacting LMICs. 
      • Bacteria such as Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Listeria, and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli are primary culprits. 
      • The recent outbreak of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in India was traced to C. jejuni, highlighting the severity of such pathogens.
    • Contamination can occur at any stage of the food supply chain. Thus, robust surveillance systems are crucial for preventing outbreaks, safeguarding consumer trust, and maintaining trade integrity.

    The Role of Surveillance Technologies: WGS and NGS

    • Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) are powerful tools endorsed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) for detecting foodborne pathogens with high precision. WGS enables the tracking of outbreak origins and guides targeted corrective action.
    • Yet, these technologies face limited implementation in the food industry due to high costs, complex infrastructure, extensive sample processing, and the need for technical expertise. This presents a critical opportunity for cost-effective innovations like CRISPR biosensors to fill the gap.

    CRISPR: A Disruptive Biosensing Technology

    • CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats), initially known for gene editing, is now emerging as a cutting-edge biosensing tool. 
    • CRISPR-based biosensors can detect DNA or RNA from foodborne pathogens and produce clear readouts through fluorometric or colorimetric signals—often visible to the naked eye.
    • The World Economic Forum (WEF) has recognised CRISPR as a transformative technology for food and health. The platform gained momentum during the COVID-19 pandemic, when Sherlock™, a CRISPR-based test, received emergency approval from the U.S. FDA to detect SARS-CoV-2.
    • Applications are rapidly expanding. In 2023, Casgevy, a CRISPR-based gene therapy, was approved for treating sickle cell disease. And in May 2025, the world witnessed the first personalised CRISPR treatment for a baby with a rare genetic disorder.

    CRISPR in Food Safety: On the Frontlines

    • Several CRISPR-based biosensors are in active research and development for food safety:
      • A fluorescent CRISPR-Cas biosensor has been developed to detect Listeria monocytogenes, the pathogen behind listeriosis.
      • A portable CRISPR biosensor capable of identifying E. coli O157:H7 in milk samples has been created, targeting a common but severe cause of foodborne illness.
    • These devices offer high sensitivity, portability, and affordability, making them ideal for low-resource settings and field-based testing. They bypass the need for bulky lab equipment and are simple to use, making them suitable for real-time, point-of-use diagnostics.

    India’s Bioeconomy and CRISPR Opportunity

    • India’s burgeoning bioeconomy provides fertile ground for CRISPR-based innovations. With no explicit regulatory barriers against CRISPR-based biosensors—since they do not involve genetically modified organisms—they do not fall under the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC). However, approvals from FSSAI (for food safety) and possibly CDSCO (for medical applications) are required.
    • India’s bioeconomy has grown exponentially—from US$10 billion in 2014 to US$165.7 billion in 2024, registering a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17.9%. The sector now contributes 4.25% to national GDP and aims to reach US$300 billion by 2030.
    • Government programs like Bio-E3 and Bio-RIDE promote bio-innovation in food security and health. 
      • Institutions like BIRAC and C-CAMP support translational research and biotech entrepreneurship. 
      • Notably, Indian start-ups are developing indigenous CRISPR-based diagnostic platforms, including tools to detect antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in hospital-acquired infections.

    Challenges and Future Potential

    • To fully realise the promise of CRISPR-based biosensors, several challenges must be addressed:
      • Improving sensitivity and specificity
      • Enhancing shelf-life and stability—especially for biosensors requiring cold storage
      • Streamlining operational steps for faster diagnostics
      • Developing multi-pathogen detection platforms
      • Integrating AI, nanotechnology, cloud computing, and Raman spectroscopy for enhanced analytical performance
    • The global biosensors market, valued at US$27.84 billion in 2023, is expected to reach US$56.54 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 8.2%. CRISPR technologies stand at the nexus of this growth, particularly in the realm of public health, food safety, and diagnostics.

    From Proof to Practice: Towards Viksit Bharat

    • The theme of World Food Safety Day 2025—‘Science in Action’—calls on researchers to transform innovation into implementation. CRISPR-based biosensors represent a powerful point-of-use solution for detecting and responding to foodborne illnesses, helping reduce the socio-economic burden they impose.
    • As India works toward achieving the vision of Viksit Bharat by 2047, CRISPR-enabled diagnostics and surveillance systems will be integral to building a self-reliant, health-secure, and tech-driven bioeconomy. 
    • With its thriving start-up ecosystem, world-class R&D infrastructure, and a growing emphasis on food safety, India is well-positioned to lead global efforts in next-generation biotechnology.

     

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

     

  • Big Tech’s AI Race

    Big Tech’s AI Race

    How Big Tech is outpacing the regulatory rulebook

     

    Context: Artificial intelligence is evolving at breakneck speed, with new developments emerging almost weekly.

     

     

    More on News

    • Industry leaders like OpenAI, Google, Meta, Microsoft, and Anthropic are rolling out increasingly advanced AI models, integrating them deeper into everyday products and services. 
    • However, this AI boom is powered by one critical fuel: data—including vast amounts of online content and personal user information.

    Data Behind AI: A Legal Minefield

    • Sources: The data underpinning today’s powerful AI tools is often scraped from websites or drawn from user behavior—sometimes without explicit consent. 
    • Challenges: This practice has led to mounting legal challenges and global regulatory scrutiny, particularly regarding user privacy and intellectual property rights.
      • One prominent example is the 2020 class action lawsuit against Google (Brown et al vs Google LLC). 
      • In April 2024, the company agreed to a settlement valued at $7.8 billion, including the deletion of large troves of collected user data.
      • Google also settled another lawsuit with the Texas Attorney General over deceptive location tracking practices, agreeing to pay $1.4 billion for tracking users’ biometric and geolocation data without proper consent.

    Meta and the Biometric Data Debate

    • Unauthorised Access: Meta, the parent company of Facebook and Llama AI, has also faced serious accusations related to unauthorised use of biometric data. 
      • In one major case, the company paid $1.4 billion to resolve claims that it had illegally used users’ facial recognition and biometric information. 
    • Settlement: Like Google, Meta denied wrongdoing, opting for settlement to avoid prolonged litigation or potentially precedent-setting court rulings.

    OpenAI and the Copyright Conundrum

    • Copyright: While Google and Meta face scrutiny for data privacy, OpenAI is being sued over copyright infringement. 
      • The company, which developed ChatGPT, is accused of scraping vast quantities of online content—including copyrighted materials—without permission to train its large language models (LLMs).
    • Lawsuits: Major entities such as The New York Times and Indian and international book publishers have filed lawsuits, alleging their intellectual property was used without consent. 
      • Media publisher Ziff Davis also joined the legal wave in April 2025, further intensifying pressure on OpenAI.

    Settlements and Denials

    • Across these cases, a clear pattern has emerged: Tech giants settle lawsuits while denying any wrongdoing. 
    • This legal strategy allows them to avoid damaging court precedents while continuing business as usual. 
    • Critics argue that this emboldens companies to push the boundaries of data use without meaningful consequences, creating a dangerous imbalance between innovation and accountability.

    Regulators Race to Catch Up

    • Regulatory bodies around the world are scrambling to establish digital rights protections and AI-specific regulations, but progress is uneven:
    • Europe’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) remains the most robust framework, imposing heavy fines and enforcing user consent. 
      • The EU has also begun wielding the Digital Markets Act to address broader tech dominance issues.
      • In 2025, Meta was fined by the EU for violating consent norms, marking a significant enforcement step under new digital laws.
    • The EU AI Act, a dedicated AI regulatory framework, is slated for full implementation in August 2025, but its real-world impact remains to be seen.

    India and China

    • India is charting its own course with the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. 
      • This legislation aims to balance strong user consent requirements with flexibility for innovation, as the country positions itself both as a tech regulator and a major player in the AI space.
    • China enforces stringent data localisation rules, making it difficult for foreign firms to export sensitive user information. 
      • Yet, the country aggressively supports domestic AI development, giving local firms access to large datasets while maintaining tight control over data flows.

    Until global regulators can match the speed and sophistication of AI development, the balance of power will remain tilted in favor of tech companies. In the meantime, users and society at large must grapple with the consequences of a technological revolution largely led by corporations operating beyond traditional boundaries.

     

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

     

  • China’s Brahmaputra Dams and India

    China’s Brahmaputra Dams and India

    Could Chinese dams affect Brahmaputra flow in India?

    Context: As China advances its dam-building agenda on the Brahmaputra River (Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet), concerns have grown in India and Bangladesh about possible impacts on downstream water flow.

     

     

    More on News

    • However, Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma has challenged what he calls Pakistan’s “scare narrative”, noting that 65–70% of the Brahmaputra’s water flow is generated within India, and that reduced flow from China may even help mitigate Assam’s devastating annual floods.

    Where Does the Brahmaputra River Flow?

    • Originating in Tibet as the Yarlung Tsangpo, the Brahmaputra flows eastwards before making a dramatic U-turn at the ‘Great Bend’ in Medog (Motuo), Tibet, entering India at Gelling in Arunachal Pradesh. 
    • Known as the Siang in Arunachal and Brahmaputra in Assam, it is joined by multiple tributaries before entering Bangladesh as the Jamuna.

    What Dams is China Building on the Brahmaputra?

    • India has been closely monitoring Chinese hydropower projects on the Brahmaputra. 
    • Most are run-of-the-river projects with limited water storage, located upstream and unlikely to impact water flow in Arunachal Pradesh or Assam significantly.

    Medog Hydropower Project: A Mega Dam in the Making

    • A key concern is China’s proposed Medog Hydropower Project near the Great Bend. 
    • With a reported capacity of 60,000 MW, it is set to become the world’s largest hydroelectric facility, three times the size of China’s Three Gorges Dam. 
    • While few technical details are public, early analyses suggest it may not feature large-scale water storage, reducing the risk of long-term downstream impact.

    How Much Water Does India Contribute to the Brahmaputra?

    • Despite Tibet covering 65.8% of the Brahmaputra basin, Indian territory contributes over 80% of the river’s total water yield, according to official Indian estimates. 
    • The primary reason is rainfall disparity:
      • Tibet receives only about 300 mm of rainfall annually.
      • Northeast India receives an average of 2,371 mm, with many areas getting more than 1,200 mm.
    • Additionally, the river’s flow in India is heavily augmented by monsoonal rainfall and tributaries that contribute significantly to its volume, including snowmelt from Indian catchment areas.

     

     

     

    Can Chinese Dams Reduce Brahmaputra’s Flow in India?

    Given the Brahmaputra’s vast water yield in Indian territory, Chinese dams are unlikely to drastically impact downstream flow. However, concerns remain over:

    • Lean-season water flow affecting Siang hydropower projects.
    • Sudden releases from Chinese reservoirs triggering floods.
    • Geophysical risks like landslides, dam failure, or earthquakes.
    • India is exploring domestic storage solutions, like the Upper Siang Hydropower Project, to act as buffers against such flow variations.

    How is India Harnessing the Brahmaputra’s Water Potential?

    • The Brahmaputra system accounts for over 30% of India’s water resources and 41% of its hydropower potential, as per the CWC-ISRO Brahmaputra Basin Atlas. 
    • Yet, only limited hydropower development has occurred, mainly in Arunachal Pradesh.
    • Progress has been slow due to challenges like: Forest land submergence, Land acquisition hurdles, Environmental and community concerns.

    Proposed Inter-Basin River Links

    India’s National Water Development Agency (NWDA) has suggested two major river-linking projects:

    • Manas-Sankosh-Teesta-Ganga Link: connecting Brahmaputra tributaries to the Ganga.
    • Jogighopa-Teesta-Farakka Link: linking the Brahmaputra at Jogighopa to the Farakka Barrage on the Ganga.

    What Should India’s Strategy Be?

    India must adopt a multi-pronged strategy to address the evolving situation:

    • Conduct scientific studies to assess downstream impacts.
    • Engage diplomatically with China for transparent data-sharing.
    • Negotiate protocols for advance warning of floods or reservoir operations.
    • Develop domestic water storage and early warning systems in flood-prone areas.
    • Enhance satellite and ground-level monitoring of Chinese projects.

    Could China’s Dams Affect the Sutlej and Indus Rivers?

    China has developed hydropower projects on both the Sutlej and Indus Rivers, which also originate in Tibet. However:

    • The Bhakra Dam (Gobind Sagar) in Himachal Pradesh can absorb flow variations on the Sutlej.
    • On the Indus, India has minimal consumptive use, though run-of-the-river plants like Nimoo Bazgo in Ladakh could face minor disruptions.

    While Chinese hydropower construction on the Brahmaputra does warrant close monitoring, it is important to differentiate facts from fear. With 80% of the river’s flow generated in India, the scope for upstream control is limited. India’s focus should now shift to scientific preparedness, diplomatic engagement, and strategic water resource management to secure its long-term hydrological and ecological interests

     

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

     

  • Ungulates in India

    Ungulates in India

    State of India’s tiger prey, why challenges to their habitat need to be addressed

    Context: For the first time, a detailed assessment of ungulates (hoofed mammals) in India has been made, covering species like deer, pigs, antelopes, and bison.

    More on News

    • Conducted by the National Tiger Conservation Authority and Wildlife Institute of India, using data from the 2022 All-India Tiger Estimation.
    • The study is significant because ungulates form the core prey base for tigers and help regulate forest ecosystems and soil health.

    Key Findings

    • Spotted deer (chital), sambar, and gaur (Indian bison) populations are healthy in many parts but declining in Odisha, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh.
    • Causes of decline:
      • Severe habitat degradation
      • Mining, infrastructure development
      • Forest fragmentation
      • Left-wing extremism areas
      • Subsistence hunting

    Healthy Zones

    • Uttarakhand, the Western Ghats, central India, and the northeast still have healthy ungulate populations.
    • Tiger reserves and national parks have better protection and higher prey densities.
    • Sanctuaries and forest divisions adjacent to reserves have lower prey densities due to less protection.

    Species-Wise Population Status

    • Chital (Spotted Deer): Remains the most widespread and abundant ungulate in India. Its adaptability to a variety of habitats, including forest edges and agricultural interfaces, makes it a critical food source for tigers.
    • Sambar: Populations are stable in most tiger landscapes, especially in the Western Ghats and central India.
    • Wild Pig: Highly adaptable and found in good numbers across different terrains.
    • Nilgai (Blue Bull): India’s largest antelope continues to thrive and often ventures into farmlands, contributing to human-wildlife conflicts.
    • Gaur (Indian Bison): Found in healthy numbers in the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, and the Himalayan foothills. It prefers dense forests and hilly terrain.
    • However, not all ungulates are faring well:
    • Hog Deer: Their populations have seen a sharp decline due to the destruction of grasslands and wetland habitats. They now exist in isolated patches in the Terai grasslands and the floodplains of the Ganga and Brahmaputra.
    • Barasingha (Swamp Deer): Once widespread, now confined to a few protected areas such as Kanha, Dudhwa, and Kaziranga. Despite reintroduction in Bandhavgarh and Satpura, it remains vulnerable due to its dependence on specific swamp-grassland habitats.
    • Other Threatened Species: The wild buffalo, pygmy hog, and hog deer also face severe habitat-related challenges and genetic bottlenecks due to isolated populations and fragmentation.

    Implications for Tiger Conservation

    • India has 3,600+ tigers, accounting for 70% of the global tiger population.
    • A declining prey base results in:
      • Reduced tiger occupancy.
      • Increased human-tiger conflict due to livestock predation.
      • Tigers are forced to leave protected areas, seeking prey in human-dominated landscapes.
    • Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh are nearing their carrying capacity for tiger populations.
      • Tigers are moving to east-central states (Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh) with poor prey base.
      • These regions have high potential but require urgent improvements in habitat and prey availability.

    Major Conservation Challenges

    • Habitat Loss and Degradation: Especially due to mining, infrastructure development, and conversion of wetlands and floodplains to agriculture or urban areas.
    • Fragmentation of Habitats: Linear infrastructure such as highways, railways, and power lines interrupts wildlife corridors and alters animal behaviour and movement.
    • Human Encroachment and Conflict: Subsistence hunting, livestock competition, and crop damage have led to increased tensions between humans and wildlife.
    • Limited Genetic Exchange: Small, isolated populations of some species lack genetic diversity due to habitat fragmentation, increasing their vulnerability.

    Conservation Recommendations

    • Habitat Restoration: Reclaiming and reconnecting fragmented landscapes to allow free movement of ungulates and tigers alike.
    • On-site Breeding and Enclosures: To bolster prey populations, especially in degraded or low-prey areas, controlled breeding in predator-proof enclosures could be employed.
    • Enhanced Protection for Non-Reserve Forests: Forests outside tiger reserves must receive improved protection to support both prey and predator populations.
    • Landscape-Level Planning: Conservation efforts should focus on ecological corridors and large-scale landscape connectivity rather than isolated pockets.

    Conclusion

    This assessment underscores the ecological interdependence between prey and predator. The health of ungulate populations is central not just to tiger survival, but also to the resilience of India’s forest ecosystems. The need of the hour is strategic conservation action, habitat restoration, and stronger protection to ensure that India’s wilderness remains robust for future generations.

     

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

     

  • India Adds Two More Ramsar Sites

    India Adds Two More Ramsar Sites

    Prime Minister hails addition of two New Ramsar Sites in Rajasthan

     

    Context: On the eve of World Environment Day, Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change Shri Bhupender Yadav announced the inclusion of Khichan in Phalodi and Menar in Udaipur, both in Rajasthan, as new Ramsar Sites — wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention. This brings India’s total number of Ramsar Sites to 91.

     

    About the Ramsar Convention

    • An intergovernmental treaty was signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran, for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. India became a party to the Ramsar Convention on February 1, 1982.
    • Wetlands are defined as natural or artificial, permanent or temporary water bodies, including marine areas less than six metres deep at low tide.
    • Wetlands are described as productive ecosystems that support biodiversity, climate regulation, flood control, groundwater recharge, and livelihoods.
    • There are 9 criteria to designate a wetland as a Ramsar Site, based on biodiversity, waterbird and fish populations, and ecological uniqueness.

     

    Menar Wetland Complex – Key Features

    • A freshwater monsoon wetland made up of: Braham talab, Dhand tala, Kheroda talab and the surrounding agricultural land.
    • Habitat for 110 waterbird species, including 67 migratory species.
    • Hosts critically endangered species like: White-rumped vultures and long-billed vultures.
    • Over 70 plant species, including mango trees, support Indian flying foxes.
    • Known for community-led conservation, Menar villagers play an active role in wildlife protection by preventing poaching and fishing.

     

    Khichan Wetland – Key Features

    • Located in the northern Thar Desert, comprising: Ratri nadi (river), Vijaysagar talab (pond), Riparian habitat and scrub land.
    • Supports over 150 bird species, thriving in the desert ecosystem.
    • Internationally known for hosting over 22,000 migratory demoiselle cranes each winter.
    • Residents actively help reduce crane mortality from power line collisions and stray dog attacks.
    • Attracts bird watchers, tourists, students, and scientists, due to its spectacular seasonal bird gatherings.

     

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

     

  • International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS)

    Context: India has secured the Presidency of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS) for the 2025–2028 term.

     

    More on News

    • In November 2024, PM Narendra Modi nominated V. Srinivas, Secretary, DARPG, as India’s official candidate. 
    • Hearings were held in February 2025 at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. India, South Africa, Austria, and Bahrain submitted nominations.

     

    About IIAS 

    • The International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS) is a prominent international non-profit organisation dedicated to advancing the study and practice of public administration globally.
    •  Established in 1930 and headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, IIAS serves as a federation comprising 31 member countries, 20 national sections, and 15 academic research centres, all collaborating on scientific research and solutions in public administration.

     

     

    Mission and Objectives

    • IIAS aims to promote scientific research and best practices in public administration and governance.
    • Facilitate comparative studies, practical experiences, and theoretical analysis across diverse administrative cultures and systems.
    • Foster collaboration between practitioners (bureaucrats) and academia on a global scale.
    • Accredit academic and professional training programs in line with international standards of public management.

     

    Structure and Activities

    • Membership: Includes nation-states, national sections (associations of practitioners and academics), and research centres from around the world.
    • Governance: Managed by a General Assembly, Council of Administration, and specialised committees. The Council includes a President, regional vice-presidents, and additional members, with terms typically lasting three years.
    • Sub-Entities: IIAS oversees specialised groups such as:
    • The European Group for Public Administration (EGPA)
    • The Latin American Group for Public Administration (LAGPA)
    • The Asian Group for Public Administration (AGPA)
    • The International Association of Schools and Institutes of Administration (IASIA)
    • Conferences and Publications: IIAS organises annual conferences in different countries, attracting hundreds of delegates. It publishes the International Review of Administrative Sciences (IRAS) in multiple languages and several book series on governance and public management.

     

    Global Impact and Partnerships

    • IIAS maintains a close working relationship with the United Nations, participating in the UN Committee of Experts on Public Administration (CEPA) and the UN Public Administration Network (UNPAN), though it is not a formally affiliated UN body.
    • It has consultative status with the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), both special (since 1947) and general (since 2013).

     

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

     

  • Gender Reforms and Justice Hema Committee Report

    Gender Reforms and Justice Hema Committee Report

    Why police have dropped sexual assault cases

    Context: In a significant development, the Kerala Police dropped 35 sexual assault cases on June 4, 2025, which had been filed in the wake of the explosive Justice Hema Committee report on gender discrimination and sexual harassment in the Malayalam film industry. 

    More on News

    • The cases, taken up suo motu by the police, were withdrawn citing lack of evidence and non-cooperation from survivors.
    • This comes nearly a year after the Kerala government released the Justice Hema Committee report on August 14, 2024—over four years after it was submitted.

    What Is the Justice Hema Committee Report and Gender reforms?

    • The Justice Hema Committee was constituted in July 2017, following a high-profile sexual assault case involving a prominent Malayalam film actress who was abducted and assaulted in a moving car on February 17, 2017. 
      • Popular actor Dileep was accused of masterminding the attack.
    • The outrage that followed led to the formation of the Women in Cinema Collective (WCC)—a platform for women actors, technicians, and filmmakers. 
      • In May 2017, the WCC petitioned Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan, demanding an independent probe into gender-based violence and systemic discrimination in the film industry.
    • Responding to the outcry, the state government appointed a three-member panel, comprising retired High Court Judge K Hema, former bureaucrat K B Valsalakumari, and actor T Sarada—making it the first state-level committee in India to investigate gender bias in the entertainment industry.
    • The Committee submitted its findings in December 2019, but the report remained confidential for over four years.

    Why Was the Report’s Release Delayed?

    • The Kerala government initially withheld the report, stating it contained sensitive personal accounts that could compromise the privacy and anonymity of women who testified.
    • However, five RTI activists and journalists moved the Kerala State Information Commission (KSIC), demanding public access. 
    • On July 6, 2024, the KSIC ruled in favor of a controlled disclosure of the report. 
      • On August 14, 2024, a redacted 63-page version was finally made public.

    Key Findings of the Justice Hema Report

    • The report painted a damning picture of the Malayalam cinema ecosystem, exposing:
    • A widespread culture of sexual harassment
    • Casting couch practices where women were coerced into sexual favors for roles
    • Frequent vulgar comments and workplace misconduct
    • Incidents of drunk male co-actors entering women’s rooms
    • Reluctance among women to report harassment, fearing career repercussions
    • Following the release, several women came forward publicly, naming well-known actors and technicians. 
      • The revelations put the spotlight on the Association of Malayalam Movie Artistes (AMMA) and its role in shielding alleged perpetrators.

    Why Were the Sexual Assault Cases Dropped?

    • At the height of the investigation, Kerala Police had filed nearly 60 cases, including those based on survivor testimonies and media reports. However, by mid-2025, 35 of these cases were dropped.
    • According to officials:
      • Many survivors did not want to pursue legal proceedings after sharing their stories
      • A number of incidents were over a decade old, making evidence collection difficult
      • Some survivors cited mistrust in the legal process and opted not to cooperate further

    What Next for Gender Justice in Kerala’s Film Industry?

    • Women working in Malayalam cinema say that dropping the cases is not the end—it’s a wake-up call. 
    • They have urged the Kerala government to initiate systemic reforms in the film sector, such as:
      • Establishing Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) within film associations
      • Creating safe reporting mechanisms
      • Enforcing codes of conduct across sets and production houses

    The Justice Hema Committee report and the subsequent wave of disclosures have opened a critical dialogue on gender rights in the entertainment industry. While the withdrawal of 35 sexual assault cases may seem like a setback, it also underlines the urgency of institutional reforms and long-term protections for women.

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • India’s Textile Industry at a Crossroads

    India’s Textile Industry at a Crossroads

    The seeds of sustainability for India’s textile leadership

    Context: As one of the world’s largest textile manufacturing hubs, India’s textile industry stands at a pivotal moment.

    More on News

    • Despite its scale, the sector faces growing challenges: geopolitical tensions, fragmented supply chains, price fluctuations, and shifting consumer demands. 
    • Beyond environmental concerns, the fundamental values driving business decisions are under increasing scrutiny.
    • To maintain and strengthen its global leadership, India must move beyond traditional metrics of financial performance. 
    • The future of the textile sector depends on its ability to embed sustainability, innovation, and resilience into every aspect of the value chain—from cultivation and sourcing to production and distribution.

    Sustainability Is Now a Competitive Advantage

    • India ranks as the sixth-largest textile exporter globally. 
      • However, the rise of sustainable business models worldwide, coupled with the momentum of the China Plus One strategy, presents a timely opportunity. 
      • India can position itself as a preferred alternative in global supply chains—but only if it adopts environmentally responsible practices.
    • Forward-thinking concepts such as regenerative farming, traceable supply chains, and product circularity are no longer optional—they are becoming operational imperatives.

    Regenerative Farming: The Root of Responsible Sourcing

    • Regenerative agriculture is emerging as a practical solution to India’s concerns around raw material sourcing, climate change, and soil degradation. 
    • The Ministry of Agriculture is already piloting regenerative farming across over one million hectares of farmland.
    • Key initiatives include:
      • Digital training platforms for farmers
      • Real-time data sharing to track progress and build transparency
      • Linkages with certification bodies and manufacturers, strengthening connections with global brands
    • In Maharashtra’s Aurangabad region, over 6,000 farmers are part of the Regenerative Cotton Program, reporting: Improved yields, Greater climate resilience, Lower input costs and More stable incomes.
    • Regenerative farming not only improves sustainability outcomes but also addresses critical business needs—rural engagement, gender inclusivity, multi-stakeholder partnerships, and compliance with global sustainability standards. 
      • These advantages make it a foundational strategy for enhancing India’s textile export potential.

    Traceability: Building Trust Across the Supply Chain

    • Supply chain transparency has become a crucial factor in consumer decisions. 
      • According to the 2023 Consumer Circularity Survey, 37% of global consumers consider sustainability and traceability key to their purchases.
    • India’s textile sector can lead this transformation with AI-powered traceability platforms, capable of mapping each product’s journey—from raw material to retail. 
      • Traceability is no longer about just tracking; it’s about telling a story of authenticity, responsibility, and brand integrity.

    Key developments:

    • Kasturi Cotton, India’s premium branding initiative, promotes quality and transparency
    • The India-U.K. Free Trade Agreement (FTA)—in final stages—will benefit Indian exporters, especially given the U.K.’s eco-conscious market
    • The EU’s Digital Product Passport (DPP) initiative mandates traceability, providing Indian manufacturers an opportunity to align with evolving regulations

    Product Circularity: Designing for a Waste-Free Future

    • India contributes to 8.5% of global textile waste annually. As consumer awareness around sustainability deepens, product circularity is becoming a key differentiator.
    • Circularity in textiles involves:
      • Designing products for longer lifespans and post-use recyclability
      • Reusing factory waste in production cycles
      • Creating plastic-free packaging and enabling eco-friendly disposal systems
    • Organisations like REIAI champion circularity-driven innovations that create jobs and support economic self-reliance. 
      • This aligns with the Viksit Bharat vision, which emphasises a resilient and self-sustaining economy.
    • Circularity also reduces the sector’s dependence on virgin raw materials, lowers costs, and fosters innovation-led competitiveness.

    Reimagining Growth: From Mass Production to Meaningful Progress

    • India’s textile industry is projected to reach $350 billion by 2030, with the potential to generate 35 million new jobs—provided it aligns with global climate goals, technology adoption, and sustainability frameworks.
    • This is not just about “making in India”—it’s about making responsibly for the world. The industry must go beyond greenwashing and adopt purpose-driven business models that reflect regenerative values, digital accountability, and circular thinking.

    The global textile market is evolving rapidly, and India is uniquely positioned to lead—if it takes decisive steps today. By embracing regenerative farming, robust traceability solutions, and circular production models, India can future-proof its textile industry.

     

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

     

  • India-Australia Defence Ties: Unlocking Strategic Synergy in a Divided World

    India-Australia Defence Ties: Unlocking Strategic Synergy in a Divided World

    India-Australia Defence Ties: Breaking New Ground Beyond U.S. Reliance

    Context: The re-election of Donald Trump and his transactional security posture is altering global security alignments. In this changing landscape, India and Australia, as regional middle powers, find themselves uniquely positioned to enhance bilateral defence cooperation. 

    Strategic Convergence: The Basis for Deeper Engagement

    • Australia’s geographic position bridges the Indian and Pacific Oceans, complementing India’s maritime strategy.
    • The Australian Defence Force (ADF) has experience in coalition operations, aligning with India’s military capacity-building.
    • Air-to-air refuelling arrangement (2024) illustrates growing operational synergy.
    • Australia’s influence over Pacific Island nations aligns with India’s expanding diplomatic footprint.
    • Both nations share a commitment to sovereign resilience and rules-based regional order.

    Evolving Bilateral Frameworks and Institutions

    • The Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP) signed in 2020 created a strong political foundation.
    • The 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue initiated in 2021 enables high-level strategic coordination.
    • Agreements such as the Mutual Logistics Support Agreement (MLSA) facilitate joint operations and HADR missions.
    • Key bilateral and multilateral exercises include:
      • AUSTRAHIND (Army)
      • AUSINDEX (Navy)
      • Participation in Pitch Black and Malabar exercises

    Limitations and Realities

    • Neither India nor Australia can fully substitute the security void potentially left by the U.S.
    • India is entangled in a continental security dilemma, with tensions along its northern borders with China and cross-border terrorism from Pakistan.
    • Australia is engaged in a strategic transformation involving:
      • AUKUS-led military modernisation
      • Expanding influence among smaller island nations
      • A reassessment of its regional role and defence posture

    Five Strategic Priorities for the Next Phase of Defence Engagement

    • Diversifying and Deepening Military Engagement
        • Current cooperation is Navy-centric; needs expansion to Army and Air Force.
        • Promote joint military exercises reflecting real-world scenarios.
        • Establish a dedicated forum for Joint Staff Talks.
        • Plan for a major combined military exercise within a decade to test interoperability and joint operational planning.
    • Strengthening India’s Defence Footprint in Canberra
        • Upgrade the position of Defence Adviser (DA) to a one-star rank.
        • Expand the Indian DA team to include Army and Air Force officers.
        • Appoint dedicated personnel for Pacific Island engagement, which is currently handled ad-hoc.
    • Enabling Ground-Level Strategic Innovation
        • Encourage bottom-up ideas from uniformed professionals and operational-level personnel.
        • Move beyond diplomatic formalities in dialogues to focus on classified, operationally relevant discussions.
        • Launch initiatives such as:
    • Fellowships for staff college graduates
    • Regular war-gaming exchanges
    • Maritime Industry Collaboration and Capability Sharing
        • Promote India-Australia cooperation in Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) of naval assets.
        • India’s MRO capabilities are already proven with U.S. and British navies.
        • Jointly manufacture and supply patrol boats to Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and Pacific island states.
        • These collaborations foster technology-sharing, operational exposure, and regional capacity-building.
    • Unlocking the Potential of MSME Sector and Defence Startups
      • Indian OEMs often deal with parent companies in Europe or East Asia, bypassing local Australian arms.
      • Cooperation in MSME and the startup ecosystem remains underdeveloped.
      • Both India and Australia are pursuing defence indigenisation programmes — ideal for MSME alignment.
      • Create a dedicated mechanism on the lines of INDUS X (India-U.S. defence startup platform) to promote joint R&D, dual-use technology development, and SME integration.

    Towards a Future-Ready Partnership

    • The evolving global order and uncertain U.S. commitments present a strategic window for India and Australia.
    • Their complementary strengths, shared threat perceptions, and mutual interests in regional stability position them to emerge as critical security partners in the Indo-Pacific.
    • Realising this potential requires a shift from dialogue to delivery, and from frameworks to field-level cooperation — thereby charting a course for an independent, resilient, and balanced regional security architecture.

     

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

     

  • India’s Energy Sector Transformation: A Powerful Leap Toward Self-Reliance and Sustainability

    India’s Energy Sector Transformation: A Powerful Leap Toward Self-Reliance and Sustainability

    India’s Energy Sector Transformation: Empowering a New Era of Sovereignty and Sustainability

     

    Context: Recently, India surpassed Japan to become the world’s fourth-largest economy, with its GDP more than doubling to $4.3 trillion since 2014. India is now not just the fastest-growing major economy (Q4 2024-25 growth rate of 6.7%), but also a strategic energy player, with the energy sector undergoing a structural transformation in the first year of Modi 3.0.

    India’s Global Energy Profile: A Strategic Force in the Making

    • Position in the Global Energy Landscape
      • 3rd-largest energy and oil consumer
      • 4th-largest oil refiner
      • 4th-largest LNG importer
      • Projected to contribute 25% of the world’s incremental energy demand by 2047
    • Growth Outlook
      • India’s energy demand expected to grow 2.5 times by 2047
      • Current growth rate of 6.7% places India on a path unmatched by peers

    Upstream Sector Reforms: Unlocking Domestic Hydrocarbon Potential

    • Policy and Exploration Expansion
      • Exploration acreage: doubled from 8% in 2021 to 16% in 2025
      • Target: 1 million sq. km by 2030 to unlock 42 billion tonnes of oil and oil-equivalent gas
      • No-Go areas reduced by 99%; streamlined licensing through Open Acreage Licensing Policy (OALP)
    • Pricing and Contract Reforms
      • New gas pricing formula: pegged to 10% of the Indian crude basket
      • 20% pricing premium for new gas wells
      • Revenue-sharing contracts: allow shared infrastructure among E&P players
    • Legislative Reforms for Competitive Upstream Sector
    • Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Amendment Act, 2024
      • Hybrid leases: allow renewable energy and hydrocarbons in tandem
    • Discovered Small Fields (DSF):
      • Simplified contracts
      • Low compliance burden, enabling marginal field development

    Recommendations for India’s Energy Sector Transformations

    • Enhancing Exploration Confidence through Technology
    • Technological Interventions
      • National Seismic Programme
      • Mission Anveshan
      • Airborne Gravity Gradiometry (AGG) surveys
      • Continental Shelf Mapping in frontier basins: Andamans, Mahanadi, and Cauvery
    • Notable Discoveries
      • Over 25 new hydrocarbon fields discovered by ONGC and Oil India
      • Major fields:
        • Suryamani & Vajramani (West Coast)
        • Utkal & Konark (East Coast)
      • Additions: 75 MMtoe oil and 2,700 MMSCM gas to reserves
    • Global Collaborations and Data-Driven Investments
      • ONGC-bp partnership to boost Mumbai High output: 44% increase in oil, 89% in gas
      • Exploration data centre at University of Houston enables foreign investor access to India’s datasets
    • Strengthening Downstream Infrastructure: Building a Nationwide Fuel Network
    • Infrastructure Growth
      • 24,000 km of product pipelines
      • 96,000+ retail fuel outlets
      • Over 67 million consumers served daily
    • Strategic Reserves and LPG Access
      • Strengthened LPG storage capacity and strategic oil reserves
      • City gas distribution network: expanded from 55 areas (2014) to 307 (2025)
      • PNG connections: up from 25 lakh to 1.5 crore
      • Over 7,500 CNG stations now operational
    • Biofuels: Cornerstone of India’s Green Strategy
    • Ethanol Blending Milestones
      • Blending level: from 1.5% in 2013 to 19.7% in 2025
      • Volumes: 38 crore litres → 484 crore litres
      • Benefits:
        • ₹1.26 lakh crore forex saved
        • 643 lakh MT emissions reduced
        • ₹1.79 lakh crore to distillers, ₹1 lakh crore to farmers
    • Feedstock and Ethanol Economy
      • Diverse feedstocks: molasses, maize, grains
      • Creation of a self-reliant ethanol ecosystem
    • SATAT and Biogas Initiatives: Toward a Circular Energy Economy
    • Over 100 compressed biogas (CBG) plants operational
    • Target: 5% blending by 2028
    • Central support for:
      • Biomass procurement
      • CBG–pipeline connectivity
    • Green Hydrogen Mission: Fuel of the Future
    • 8.62 lakh tonnes of green hydrogen production underway
    • 3,000 MW electrolyser tenders floated
    • Key Projects:
      • IOCL–L&T 10 KTPA project at Panipat
      • Green hydrogen investments by BPCL, HPCL, GAIL
      • NRL Assam to host northeast India’s first green hydrogen unit
    • Digital Governance: PM Gati Shakti Integration
      • Over 1 lakh oil and gas assets digitally mapped
      • Integration with National Master Plan for real-time monitoring
    • Key Projects:
    • Indo-Nepal Pipeline
      • Samruddhi Corridor → savings of ₹169 crore through route optimisation
    • Natural Gas as a Transition Fuel
    • Pipeline and Production Growth
      • 25,000 km pipeline network; target 33,000 km by 2030
    • Gas production:
      • 2020–21: 28.7 BCM
      • 2023–24: 36.4 BCM
    • Supply and Pricing Stability
    • ‘No Cut’ status for transport and domestic sectors
    • Strategic pricing reforms to ensure gas affordability
    • Consumer Affordability and Welfare-Focused Fuel Policy
    • Despite 58% global rise in LPG prices, PM Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) beneficiaries pay only ₹553
    • Government ensures price stability through:
    • Targeted subsidies
    • Excise duty cuts
    • Compensation to OMCs (Oil Marketing Companies)

    Conclusion: In 11 years, India has transformed from energy anxiety to energy confidence
    The sector now reflects strategic foresight, self-reliance, and global competitiveness Energy is no longer seen merely as a commodity, but as a strategic tool for sovereignty, security, and sustainable development.

     

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH