The Study IAS

Month: October 2024

  • India’s Export Dynamics: Shift from goods exports to Services

    India’s Export Dynamics: Shift from goods exports to Services

    Context:

    In July and August 2024, India’s goods exports declined compared to the previous year, with only a marginal growth of 1.1% in the first five months of FY24, while services exports surged by 7% in August, reaching $30.7 billion, and grew around 11% in the same period.

     

    More on News:

    • Possible Surpassing of Goods Exports: Services exports may temporarily surpass goods exports ($34.7 billion in August 2024), marking a two-decade shift in India’s export basket.
    • Growth Trends in Services Exports: Services exports grew at an average of 14% annually since 1993, compared to 10.7% for goods exports. Services now account for 47% of India’s total exports, up from a third a decade ago.

     

    Global Standing of India’s Exports:

    • Services Export Ranking: India is now the 7th largest services exporter in the world, up from 24th in 2001.
    • Goods Export Share: India’s share in global goods exports rose marginally from 1% in 2005 to less than 2% in 2023. In contrast, its share in global services exports grew from 1.9% to 4.6% during the same period.
    • Future Projections: Goldman Sachs projects India’s services exports to reach $800 billion by 2030, amounting to 11% of GDP.

     

    Structural Factors in Services Exports:

    • Current Account Surplus in Services: India runs a services trade surplus of $13-14 billion monthly, helping balance the current account deficit caused by a higher goods import rate.
    • Dependency on Imports: Despite domestic manufacturing incentives like the PLI scheme, India continues to rely heavily on imported inputs, keeping its goods trade deficit substantial.

     

    Income Elasticity in Services Exports:

    • Sensitivity to Global Economy: Overall Indian exports are highly responsive to global GDP changes, with a 1% rise in global GDP resulting in a 4.92% rise in demand for India’s exports.
    • Lower Sensitivity in Services: Services exports are less responsive, with a 1% rise in global GDP causing only a 2.5% rise in services demand. This makes services exports more stable during global economic downturns.

     

    Impact of Digital Delivery in Services:

    • Resilience During Crises: Services exports, especially those delivered digitally, are less vulnerable to global disruptions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, goods exports plummeted, but services exports experienced only a modest decline.
    • Low Dependency on Imports: Services, particularly modern digital services, use fewer imported inputs, have lower fixed costs, and can respond flexibly to price reductions.

     

    Evolution of Services Exports:

    • From Offshoring to Global Capability Centres (GCCs): Initially driven by offshoring back-office operations, India’s services exports now encompass specialised GCCs, employing 1.7 million people and generating $46 billion in revenue by 2023.
    • IT and Consulting Services Growth: IT services dominate, accounting for 47% of total services exports, while professional consulting services grew from 7% in 2005 to 18.3% in 2023.

     

    Domestic Economic Impact of Services Exports:

    • Urban Concentration of Jobs: Services export jobs are concentrated in major cities like Bengaluru, Hyderabad, and Gurugram, though this is slowly changing as more companies hire from smaller towns.
    • Skill-Intensive Nature: Services sectors, especially IT and consulting, require a highly skilled workforce, often concentrated in large urban areas, which limits their impact on broader job creation.
    • Capital-Intensive Sectors: The services and manufacturing sectors contributing to exports are both capital-intensive, limiting large-scale employment opportunities.

     

    Challenges and Future Outlook:

    • Employment Impact: Despite the growth in services exports, employment generation remains a challenge. The share of export-driven employment dropped from 19% in 2012 to 13% in 2020.
    • Future Growth Limitations: As services already account for 67% of global GDP, future growth in services exports is likely to align with global GDP trends, rather than significantly exceed them.
    • Limited Transformation of the Economy: While services exports have positively impacted India’s economy, they are unlikely to achieve the same transformative effect that manufacturing exports had in East Asia.

     

    Conclusion:

    • Services Sector Success: India’s services sector has shown robust growth, becoming a key component of its export basket and supporting the economy through its surplus trade balance.

    Future Prospects: Continued growth in services exports will drive skilled employment and economic stability but may not fully address broader job creation and income inequality challenges.

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • tropical cyclones – Linked to Long-Term Excess Mortality

    tropical cyclones – Linked to Long-Term Excess Mortality

    Context : tropical cyclones

    Hurricane Helene recently struck the southeastern coast of the United States, resulting in over 200 confirmed deaths and hundreds of people missing. 

     

    More on News:

    • The storm’s devastating impact has left many communities reeling, but the true toll of hurricanes may be much higher. 
    • A study in Nature found that tropical cyclones can cause increased mortality rates for nearly 15 years after they occur. 

     

    [stextbox id=’info’]

    Hurricanes are powerful storms that form in warm tropical ocean waters and are known as tropical cyclones globally, referred to as hurricanes in the Atlantic and northeast Pacific, typhoons in the northwest Pacific, and cyclones in the southwest Pacific and Indian Ocean. These storms are characterised by very high wind speeds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges, which can lead to widespread damage and flooding. Hurricanes are classified by their peak sustained wind speeds, with major hurricanes categorised as category three or higher, meaning they have winds of at least 111 mph (178 km/h).

    [/stextbox]

     

    Key Highlights:

    • Researchers from Stanford University have conducted a comprehensive analysis of 501 historical storms that struck the U.S. between 1930 and 2015, focusing on how these storms affected state mortality rates.
    • Emphasised that the aftermath of a major storm leads to a series of interconnected consequences—such as city rebuilding, household displacement, and disrupted social networks—that adversely affect public health.
    • Excess Mortality Method: Approach to assess the long-term impacts of tropical cyclones (TCs) on mortality rates, inferring that systematic increases in mortality after TCs are likely caused by storms.

     

    Long-Term Impacts of Tropical Cyclones (TCs) on Mortality:

    • Extended Mortality Increase: The study found that mortality rates in affected states increased systematically for about 172 months (14.3 years) following a TC.
    • Excess Deaths Per TC: On average, each TC resulted in approximately 7,000 to 11,000 excess deaths, significantly exceeding official death counts.
    • Cumulative Impact: Between 1930 and 2015, the total number of excess deaths attributed to TCs ranged from 3.6 million to 5.2 million, surpassing fatalities from motor vehicle accidents, infectious diseases, and wars during the same period.
    • Persistent Effects: The mortality effects of hurricanes continue at elevated rates long after the immediate crisis has passed and public attention has shifted.

     

    Why Such Long-Term Impacts?

    • Economic Loss: Hurricanes often lead to significant economic disruption, causing families to deplete their financial resources. This can limit their ability to access necessary healthcare in the future.
    • Dispersal of Families: The aftermath of a TC frequently results in families dispersing, which undermines social networks vital for maintaining health and well-being.
    • Diverted Government Spending: In the wake of a TC, funds that would typically support healthcare may be redirected toward recovery efforts, further straining health services in affected communities.

    These long-term consequences disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, including infants, children, and young adults, accounting for a quarter of all infant deaths in the United States.

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • The Fight Against Sickle Cell Disease

    The Fight Against Sickle Cell Disease

    Context:

    • In rural Maharashtra, a committed team of healthcare professionals is tirelessly fighting against sickle cell disease (SCD), a genetic disorder that has affected the community for generations.
    • Leading this effort is Chinchpada Christian Hospital, where Doctors are making significant strides in enhancing the lives of those affected by this disease.

     

    Sickle Cell Disease (SCD):

    • Sickle cell disease is a relentless condition characterised by the deformation of red blood cells into a sickle shape. 
    • It can reduce life expectancy by at least 20 years, often leading to slow-progressing organ failure in older patients and acute chest syndrome, a serious lung injury, in younger individuals. 
      • Most affected individuals are young, poor, and rural, presenting with symptoms like intense pain, high fever, and severe anaemia requiring blood transfusions.
    • Symptoms vary widely among patients, resulting in complications such as anaemia from blood cell destruction and painful blockages in blood vessels, which can cause severe pain and potentially lead to organ failure, necessitating ongoing medical attention and intervention.

     

    Medical Management Challenges:

    • Healthcare Struggles: The disease often challenges even experienced healthcare professionals, leading to feelings of defeat.
    • Long-term Care: Treatment is lifelong, with options like gene therapy or bone marrow transplants being cost-prohibitive for many in India.

     

    Initiatives at Chinchpada Hospital:

    • Blood Transfusion Support: The hospital secured State Blood Transfusion Council cards for 250 SCD patients, ensuring free blood transfusions, a critical need for severe anaemia.
    • Preventive Healthcare: The hospital provides patients free vaccinations to prevent infections such as bacterial pneumonia, influenza, and meningitis.
    • Subsidised Treatment: The hospital subsidises the cost of hydroxyurea, a medication that reduces defective haemoglobin (Hb S) and increases normal haemoglobin levels.
    • By using hospital funds and donations, this program improves patient compliance and quality of life, reducing the frequency of painful crises and the need for blood transfusions.
    • Disability Schemes: Patients are enrolled in government disability programs to receive pensions and benefits. This support helps improve the financial stability of affected families.
      • Palliative Care: The hospital’s experience in palliative care enhances pain relief and symptom management for SCD patients, focusing on improving overall well-being.
      • Community Engagement: The hospital organises events like World Sickle Cell Day and sends personalised birthday cards to patients, fostering a supportive community atmosphere.
        • Awareness programs in villages and schools educate the public about SCD, its symptoms, and the importance of early diagnosis. 
        • Teachers, including some who are patients, play a key role in identifying children with symptoms.
    • Ethical Stance: The hospital opposes policies that encourage prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell disease, which could lead to abortions, advocating instead for support and care for affected individuals.

     

    Ongoing Challenges:

    • Lack of Awareness: There is a widespread lack of knowledge among medical professionals and communities, resulting in misdiagnosis and inadequate treatment.
    • Training Needs: Medical students and young doctors require better training to recognise and manage SCD effectively.

    Socio-economic Factors: Addressing socio-economic barriers is crucial for comprehensive management and support for affected families.

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • Fruit Fly Brain – Unveiling the Mysteries.

    Fruit Fly Brain – Unveiling the Mysteries.

    Context:

    A team of scientists published a study in Nature, revealing a complete wiring diagram of the fly species Drosophila melanogaster – Particularly  Fruit Fly Brain.

    More on News:

    Despite being smaller than a poppy seed, a fruit fly’s brain contains remarkable complexity, featuring over 140,000 neurons connected by approximately 490 feet of wiring—equivalent to the length of four blue whales laid end to end.

     

    The Study:

    • The project, which began in 2013, involved a meticulous process of imaging and analysing the fruit fly’s brain. 
    • Researchers at Princeton University and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute used advanced imaging techniques to capture over 21 million pictures of the brain, which were then stitched together to create a comprehensive map. 
    • This map, known as a connectome, details the wiring of 140,000 neurons and over 50 million synapses.

     

    Significance:

    • First Complete Map of a Complex Brain: This is the first time scientists have mapped an entire complex brain, providing a detailed blueprint of how neurons are interconnected. 
    • This achievement surpasses previous efforts, such as the mapping of the simpler nervous system of a tiny worm with just 385 neurons.
    • Insights into Brain Function: By analysing the circuitry of the fruit fly brain, researchers can uncover fundamental principles of brain function that apply across species. 
    • This includes understanding how sensory signals are processed and how the brain generates commands for behaviour.
    • Implications for Human Brain Research: The fruit fly brain shares many similarities with the human brain in terms of basic neural processes. The insights gained from this study could inform research into human brain function and disorders.

     

    Future Directions:

    • This remarkable achievement lays the groundwork for even more ambitious projects, such as mapping the mouse brain, which contains about 1,000 times more neurons than the fruit fly. 
    • Experts believe that insights gained from the fly’s brain will expedite this process and enhance our understanding of complex neural networks across species.

    As the scientific community continues to explore the intricacies of the fly’s brain, the findings could lead to fundamental insights about brain function and inform research in broader biological contexts.

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • AIDS – India’s Critical Role in Ending AIDS by 2030

    Context : AIDS

    The UNAIDS director for the Asia Pacific and other regions emphasised that achieving the Sustainable Development Goal of ending AIDS as a public health threat by 2030 is unlikely without significant contributions from India.

     

    More on News:

    India has shown a strong commitment to combating HIV/AIDS, with new HIV infections decreasing by 44% and AIDS-related deaths decreasing by nearly 80% between 2010 and 2023—outpacing the global average. 

     

    What Is HIV/AIDS?

    • Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a virus that specifically attacks the immune system, targeting cells that are essential for fighting infections. 
    • The virus is primarily transmitted through contact with certain bodily fluids, most commonly via unprotected sexual intercourse or by sharing injection drug equipment.
    • If left untreated, HIV can progress to AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), which is a more severe condition characterised by a significantly weakened immune system.
    • A person is diagnosed with AIDS when:
    • Their CD4 cell count falls below 200 cells/mm³ of blood. For a healthy immune system, CD4 counts typically range between 500 and 1,600 cells/mm³.
    • They develop one or more opportunistic infections, regardless of their CD4 count.

     

    Challenges:

    • Despite these successes, challenges remain. In 2023, approximately 68,000 new HIV infections were reported in India, indicating that around 185 people were infected each day. 
    • To close this gap, UNAIDS stresses the importance of focusing on specific states and districts where the prevalence of HIV is higher.

     

    Key Strategies for Success:

    • Prevention is Key: UNAIDS Director emphasises that prevention must be at the forefront of India’s HIV response. 
    • Every new infection means a person requires lifelong treatment, making prevention crucial for a sustainable HIV response.
    • Community-Led Initiatives: The global AIDS strategy calls for 80% of prevention services to be delivered by community-led organisations. 
    • These organisations are best positioned to reach key populations and need the right resources and support to lead effectively.
    • Sustainable Health Systems: Planning for long-term sustainability beyond 2030 is essential. 
    • This involves ensuring that health systems for HIV and general health are co-designed and co-implemented by communities and civil society to respond to people’s needs.
    • Access to New Treatments: Continued progress in reducing AIDS-related deaths relies on expanding access to new treatments and ensuring that people living with HIV receive the care they need.

    [stextbox id=’info’]

    90-90-90 Principle

    • The 90-90-90 strategy was introduced by the United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) in 2013 as a global goal to tackle the HIV epidemic. 
    • The initiative aimed for significant milestones to be reached by 2020:
      • 90% of people living with HIV will know their HIV status. This goal emphasises the importance of widespread testing and awareness, ensuring that the majority of those infected are diagnosed.
      • 90% of those diagnosed with HIV will receive sustained antiretroviral therapy (ART). This means that once diagnosed, individuals will have access to effective treatment to manage their condition.
      • 90% of those on ART will achieve viral suppression. This indicates that the treatment is effective enough to reduce the viral load to undetectable levels, significantly lowering the risk of transmission to others.
    • The 90-90-90 strategy is grounded in the principle of “test and treat,” which highlights that early identification and timely treatment can prevent further transmission of the virus. 
      • By ensuring that a high percentage of people living with HIV are diagnosed and treated, the strategy aims to reduce overall incidence at the population level and move closer to controlling the HIV epidemic.

    [/stextbox]

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Type 1 Diabetes in India

    Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Type 1 Diabetes in India

    Context:

    Stem cell therapy represents a cutting-edge advancement in regenerative medicine, offering the possibility of a functional cure for Type 1 diabetes (T1D) by enabling the regeneration of insulin-producing beta cells. 

     

    Stem Cell Therapy

    More on News:

    A recent case in China reported a woman with T1D regaining insulin production after receiving reprogrammed stem cells, marking a significant milestone in diabetes management.

     

    The Science Behind Stem Cell Therapy:

    • Stem cell therapy operates within the realm of regenerative medicine, utilising pluripotent stem cells capable of differentiating into various cell types, including insulin-producing beta cells. 
    • These pre-programmed cells can be transplanted into the body, where they may begin producing insulin to help regulate blood glucose levels, representing a potential game-changer for T1D treatment.
    • Scientists have been advancing techniques to create cells that mimic the functionality of pancreatic islets from different pluripotent stem cell sources. This includes:
    • Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC): Derived from early-stage embryos, these can differentiate into beta cells.
    • Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs): Adult cells are reprogrammed to a pluripotent state, allowing them to become insulin-producing cells. This approach offers a less controversial alternative to ESC.

     

    Challenges:

    • Invasiveness: The procedure is invasive and carries inherent risks.
    • Immune Rejection: Newly transplanted cells may be rejected by the body, necessitating long-term immune suppression, which can increase the risk of infections and cancer.
    • Encapsulation Technology: While methods exist to protect transplanted cells from immune rejection, these may also pose long-term risks.
    • Durability of Beta Cells: There is uncertainty regarding the need for periodic replenishment to maintain the functionality and durability of the transplanted cells.
    • Regulatory Approvals: Before stem cell therapy can become widely available, it must undergo rigorous regulatory scrutiny.

     

    Indian Perspective:

    • Prevalence: Over 860,000 people in India live with T1D, facing high healthcare costs and challenges in daily management.
    • Current Treatments: New insulin therapies and advanced delivery devices (like AI-enabled insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors) have improved management, especially in children.

     

    Future Outlook:

    • Potential Revolution: If successful, stem cell therapy could shift T1D treatment from insulin replacement to restoring the body’s natural ability to regulate blood glucose.
    • Further Research Needed: More studies are necessary to establish the long-term efficacy and scalability of stem cell therapy for the broader population.
    • Accessibility Concerns: Given high costs and the need for scalable solutions, significant time may be required before stem cell therapy becomes a standard treatment for T1D.

     

    [stextbox id=’info’]

    What is Type 1 Diabetes?

    • Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune condition in which the pancreas completely stops producing insulin, a crucial hormone that regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating its absorption into the liver, fat, and other cells. Unlike type 2 diabetes, which is characterised by reduced insulin production or insulin resistance, T1D results in total insulin deficiency.

    Key Features :

    • Onset: T1D is primarily diagnosed in children and adolescents, although it can occur at any age.
    • Severity: While less prevalent than type 2 diabetes, T1D is more severe. 
    • Individuals with T1D require lifelong insulin therapy for survival; without it, they can experience life-threatening conditions within weeks.
    • Symptoms: Common symptoms include frequent urination, extreme thirst, fatigue, and weight loss. Many children present with severe symptoms, and about one-third may have diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a serious complication where the body produces high levels of ketones due to inadequate glucose absorption.

    [/stextbox]

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • Concerns Over Biodiversity Offsets and Credits

    Concerns Over Biodiversity Offsets and Credits

    Context:

    A coalition of over 270 civil society organisations and academics raised concerns on October 2, 2024, about biodiversity offsets and credits. These mechanisms, intended to fund biodiversity conservation, have faced opposition ahead of the 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity in Cali, Colombia.

     

    Key Concerns Raised:

    • Risks to Ecosystems and Communities: Biodiversity offsets and credits may harm ecosystems and vulnerable communities, much like carbon markets.
    • Displacement and Socio-economic Consequences: The statement highlighted fears of land grabs, community displacement, and human rights abuses, particularly affecting Indigenous Peoples, women, youth, and small-scale food producers.
    • Function of Biodiversity Credits: Biodiversity credits work similarly to carbon credits, compensating for biodiversity loss by funding conservation elsewhere. However, critics argue this merely shifts harm rather than preventing it.

     

    Criticism of Market-Based Solutions:

    • Fundamental Flaws: Critics claim biodiversity credits are more focused on financial transactions than genuine protection of nature. These mechanisms could repeat the mistakes of carbon markets.
    • Exacerbation of Inequalities: Wealthy nations and corporations could buy credits from poorer countries in the Global South, leading to land grabs and further marginalisation of local and Indigenous communities.
    • Gender-Based and Socio-Economic Risks: Women and marginalised groups face heightened risks, including gender-based violence and loss of access to land and resources.

     

    Systemic Challenges:

    • Delaying Systemic Changes: Like carbon offsets, biodiversity credits may temporarily address symptoms without tackling the root causes of biodiversity loss, potentially delaying urgent action.
    • Challenges in Measurement and Management: Measuring biodiversity and ensuring long-term conservation is technically challenging, raising concerns about the reliability and mismanagement of credits.

     

    Activists’ Calls for Real Change:

    • Non-Market Solutions: Activists argue for strengthening environmental regulations, ending harmful subsidies, and securing equitable funding for community-led conservation efforts.

    Safeguarding Indigenous Rights: A focus on Indigenous territories and tenure rights is seen as crucial for effective biodiversity protection.

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • North Bihar Flood 

    Context:

    Bihar is facing severe flooding again, affecting 1.18 million people who have been displaced and are relying on air-dropped food packets while sheltering in vulnerable conditions. Each year, North Bihar suffers from floods that destroy crops and livestock, forcing residents to rebuild their lives only to face the same devastation again.

     

    Key Factors Behind Bihar’s Annual Flooding:

    Geographical Factors:

    • Proximity to Himalayan Rivers: North Bihar is crisscrossed by major rivers, including the Kosi, Gandak, and Bagmati, which originate in the Himalayas. These rivers carry significant volumes of water and sediment, making the region highly flood-prone, especially during the monsoon.
    • Flat Terrain: The low-lying, flat landscape hinders the natural drainage of floodwaters, leading to water stagnation and prolonged flooding.
    • Silt Accumulation: Rivers from the eroding Himalayan range deposit large amounts of loose soil and sediment, causing riverbeds to rise over time.
    •  This accumulation makes rivers shallower and more likely to overflow, particularly during heavy rainfall.
    • Natural Depressions (Chaurs): Certain areas have natural depressions that retain water, contributing to permanent waterlogging and exacerbating flooding.

     

    Meteorological Factors:

    • Monsoon Rainfall: Bihar experiences heavy rainfall during the monsoon season (June to September), with North Bihar receiving higher-than-average precipitation due to its geographical location.
    • Rainfall in Nepal: Intense rainfall upstream in Nepal further increases the flood risk as it generates additional water flow into the rivers feeding Bihar.
    • Sudden Water Releases: Water releases from barrages, such as the Mirpur barrage on the Kosi River, intensify flooding, particularly when combined with heavy rainfall.

     

    Infrastructural Factors:

    • Embankments: Constructed in the 1950s to prevent flooding, embankments have narrowed river channels, restricting water flow and leading to increased silt deposition. 
    • The raised riverbeds have resulted in frequent breaches, including seven this year, impacting over 380 villages and 15 lakh people.
    • Inadequate Drainage Systems: Poorly maintained or absent drainage infrastructure impedes the rapid movement of floodwaters, causing long-term waterlogging in many areas.
    • Lack of Dams and Barrages: Proposals for major dams on the Kosi River have faced political and logistical hurdles, particularly regarding cooperation with Nepal, preventing effective water management and flood control.

     

    Economic and Social Impact:

    • Although fatalities have decreased, the economic damage from flooding remains substantial, affecting crops, livestock, and infrastructure, and leading to distress migration. Bihar allocates around ₹1,000 crore annually for flood management and relief efforts.

     

    Potential Solutions:

    • Dams and Barrages: While there are proposals for a Kosi River dam and additional barrages, progress has stalled due to a lack of cooperation from Nepal. Experts suggest that these measures alone may not suffice.
    • Non-structural Measures: Improved flood warning systems, public awareness campaigns, disaster preparedness, and risk reduction strategies are crucial. 
    • Non-engineering solutions could effectively mitigate flood damage alongside structural interventions.

     

    [stextbox id=’info’]

    India has several successful flood mitigation examples that could inform Bihar’s flood management:

    • Brahmaputra River Basin Management (Assam): Assam has built embankments and levees while involving local communities in monitoring flood levels, fostering ownership and preparedness.
    • Flood Control in Kerala: Kerala combines traditional knowledge with modern technology in an integrated flood management system, including effective drainage and early warning systems for better preparedness.
    • Sardar Sarovar Project (Gujarat): The Sardar Sarovar Dam regulates river flow and provides irrigation, showcasing the importance of dam and reservoir systems for flood risk management.
    • Coastal Flood Management in Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu has developed coastal embankments and a robust disaster response framework, highlighting the need for tailored infrastructure and effective evacuation protocols.

    These examples emphasise community involvement, integrated approaches, infrastructure development, and adaptive management in flood mitigation efforts.

    [/stextbox]

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0

    Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0

    Context:

    Swachh Bharat Mission – India is facing a major challenge with legacy waste, having over 3,000 dump sites throughout the country. Among these, 2,424 sites hold more than 1,000 tonnes of waste each. In response to this issue, the Central Government has launched a legacy waste management project under the Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0 (SBM)  initiative.

     

    About SBM 2.0:

    • Launch: In October 2021, which is set to run until 2026. 
    • Mission: In 2021, the government initiated SBM 2.0, which aims to make all cities “garbage-free” by 2026 while maintaining ODF status across 4,372 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). This mission envisions:
    • 100% Source Segregation
    • Door-to-Door Waste Collection
    • Scientific Management of all waste fractions
    • Remediation of Legacy Dumpsites and conversion into green zones
    • Present Status :However, as of now, only 19.43% of these dumpsites (471 out of 2,424) have been fully remediated.
    • Remediation Status:As of September 24, progress in the remediation of legacy waste dumpsites shows that 471 sites have been fully remediated, while 1,226 sites are currently undergoing remediation after receiving approval. Unfortunately, 727 sites remain untouched.
    • Area Reclamation:In terms of land area, out of a total of 17,039.71 acres, only 27% has been reclaimed, leaving 73% still to be addressed.
    • State Performance: 
    • Tamil Nadu has reclaimed the maximum area, totaling 837 acres, which represents 42% of its legacy waste. 
    • Gujarat stands out as the best-performing state, with 75% of its area reclaimed, amounting to 698 acres out of 938 acres.
    • Financial Assistance under SBM-U 2.0:Under the SBM-U 2.0, financial assistance is provided to States/UTs for establishing various types of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management plants, including: Waste-to-Compost (WtC), Waste-to-Energy (WtE),Bio-methanation,Material Recovery Facilities (MRF),Legacy Waste Dumpsite Remediation and Construction & Demolition Waste Management.

     

    [stextbox id=’info’]

    Definition of Legacy Waste Dumpsites

    Legacy waste dumpsites refer to areas where solid waste has been collected and stored over many years in an uncontrolled and unscientific manner. 

    • The municipal solid waste generation in India is around 150,000 tonnes per day. Due to a lack of adequate facilities for waste management, municipal corporations have historically created large garbage hills. 
    • Originally located on city outskirts, many of these sites are now within urban areas, covering approximately 15,000 acres of valuable land, buried under nearly 16 crore tonnes of waste.

    Health Hazards of Legacy Waste Dumpsites

    • Exposure to Hazardous Emissions: Irritation of the mouth and throat.
    • Inhalation of Methane: Can lead to nausea, vomiting, and loss of coordination.
    • Health Issues for Ragpickers: Prolonged exposure can cause skin allergies.
    • Risks for Nearby Residents: Increased susceptibility to diseases such as tuberculosis, asthma, diabetes, depression, cholera, and malaria.
    • Environmental Impact: These sites contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, including methane and carbon dioxide.

    [/stextbox]

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • Classical Language Status

    Classical Language Status

    Context:

    The Union Cabinet has approved the recognition of five more languages as “Classical Language” expanding India’s list of culturally significant languages. 

     

    More on News:

    • Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali have now been granted the prestigious classical status.
    • These languages join the six already recognised as classical: Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Telugu (2008), Kannada (2008), Malayalam (2013), and Odia (2014). 
    • This classification fosters greater academic and cultural engagement, while opening new opportunities for research and preservation of these ancient languages.

     

    Criteria for Classical Language Status:

    The recognition of a classical language is based on criteria established by a Linguistic Experts Committee. 

     

    [stextbox id=’info’]

    The Linguistics Expert Committee includes representatives from the Union Ministries of Home and Culture, along with four to five linguistic experts at any given time. The committee is chaired by the president of the Sahitya Akademi.

    [/stextbox]

     

    To be considered classical, a language must meet the following standards:

    • High Antiquity: The language must have early texts and recorded history dating back over 1,000 years.
    • Ancient Literature: It must possess a body of ancient literature or texts considered cultural heritage by generations of speakers.
    • Knowledge Texts: In addition to poetry, the language must have prose works, including knowledge texts, epigraphical, and inscriptional evidence.
    • The literary tradition of the language must be original and not derived from another speech community.
    • Distinct Evolution: The classical language and its literature may be distinct from its modern form or have evolved into newer forms, potentially discontinuous from its original structure.

     

    Benefits of Classical Language Status:

    • When a language is designated as classical, the Ministry of Education offers several benefits to promote it, including:
    • Two prestigious international awards each year for distinguished scholars in the language.
    • The establishment of a Centre of Excellence for studies in the classical language.
    • A request to the University Grants Commission (UGC) to create Professional Chairs in Central Universities dedicated to the study of the classical language.

     

    Ongoing Demands for Classical Language Status:

    • Maithili: Despite its rich literary tradition and historical significance, Maithili has yet to receive classical status. Advocates argue that it has a documented history dating back over 2,500 years and a distinct literary heritage.
    • Tulu: Similar to Maithili, Tulu speakers are pushing for recognition based on its unique cultural contributions and ancient texts.
    • Gujarati: There are calls for Gujarati to be classified as a classical language, highlighting its historical literature and cultural importance.
    • Konkani: The Konkani-speaking community is also seeking recognition, emphasising its distinctiveness and historical roots.

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • Chagos Islands

    Context:

    Recently, the United Kingdom announced it would transfer sovereignty of the strategically important Chagos Islands to Mauritius, marking what it described as a “historic political agreement.” 

    Chagos Islands

    More on News

    • The UK has long controlled the Chagos Islands, including the key Diego Garcia military base, which it operates jointly with the United States.
    • The agreement resolves the contested sovereignty over Britain’s last overseas territory in Africa, while also securing the future of the Diego Garcia base.
    • A joint statement from the UK and Mauritius noted that the agreement had the full support and assistance of the United States and India.

     

    The Chagos Archipelago

    • It consists of 58 islands located around 500 km south of the Maldives in the Indian Ocean. 
    • The islands were uninhabited until the late 18th century when the French brought enslaved labourers from Africa and India to work in coconut plantations. 
    • France ceded the islands to Britain in 1814.
    • In 1965, the UK formed the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), with the Chagos Islands at its core. 
    • Other BIOT islands were later transferred to the Seychelles in 1976 when it gained independence. 
    • Although Chagos was originally administered as part of Mauritius, another British colony, it remained with the UK when Mauritius gained independence in 1968. 
    • The UK compensated Mauritius with a grant of £3 million for the “detachment” of the islands.
    • Diego Garcia became a fully operational military base in 1986. 
      • Its strategic location has made it a crucial hub for US military operations, particularly during the Gulf War, and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. It is also reportedly linked to post-9/11 CIA detention operations.

     

    Mauritius’ Claim to Sovereignty

    • Mauritius has long argued that the UK’s occupation of Chagos is illegal and has raised the issue in numerous international forums. 
    • In 2017, the UN General Assembly referred the matter to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which, in 2019, advised that the UK should withdraw from the Chagos archipelago. 
      • The UNGA subsequently passed a resolution endorsing this opinion, calling for the UK to end its colonial administration in Chagos within six months.

     

    The UK-Mauritius Agreement

    • The agreement between the UK and Mauritius represents a compromise. 
    • The UK has ceded its sovereignty over most of the Chagos Islands, allowing Mauritius to implement a resettlement program for displaced Chagossians on all islands except Diego Garcia. 
      • Additionally, the UK has pledged to establish a new trust fund for the benefit of Chagossians.
    • Crucially, the agreement allows the Diego Garcia military base to remain operational for an initial period of 99 years, with the UK retaining sovereign rights over the island.

     

    India’s Stand

    • India, having itself been a former British colony, has consistently supported Mauritius’ claims over the Chagos Islands. 
    • It backed Mauritius in a UNGA vote in 2019. 
    • India has also strengthened its ties with Mauritius in recent years, countering China’s growing influence in the Indian Ocean. 

    Earlier this year, India inaugurated an airstrip and jetty in Agaléga, a two-island dependency of Mauritius in the Western Indian Ocean, further solidifying their strategic partnership.

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • SIPCOT

    Context:

    Recently, Tata Motors Group, held a groundbreaking ceremony for a new, state-of-the-art production facility for cars and SUVs at the SIPCOT (State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu Limited) industrial park in Panapakkam, Ranipet district, Tamil Nadu. 

     

    More on News:

    • This marks Tamil Nadu’s 50th SIPCOT industrial park and the 27th established under the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) government. 
    • The Tamil Nadu government aims to achieve a $1 trillion economy by 2030, with SIPCOT playing a pivotal role in reaching this goal.

     

    Formation of SIPCOT:

    • SIPCOT was established on March 25, 1971, with the goal of planning, developing, operating, and promoting industrial growth in Tamil Nadu. 
    • Its initial focus was on fostering medium and large-scale industries in a state that was still in the early stages of industrial development, following the success of its MSME sector. 
    • The first industrial park was set up in Ranipet in 1973, with an initial land extent of 729.79 acres. 
    • The first companies to set up in this park included Thirumalai Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., Ultra Marines & Pigments Ltd., and SRP Tools Ltd.

     

    SIPCOT’s Expansion:

    • In its early years, two industrial parks were established: one in Ranipet, which focused on leather, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals, and another in Hosur, which concentrated on the automobile and general engineering sectors. 
    • Kanchipuram was later developed as an auto and electronics cluster due to its proximity to Chennai and the presence of major companies like Hyundai Motors, Yamaha, Renault Nissan, and Samsung. 
    • Chengalpattu emerged as an IT hub with companies like TCS and Hexaware, while Hosur in Krishnagiri district leveraged Bangalore’s talent pool to boost industrial growth. 
    • SIPCOT also focused on developing industrially backward districts like Manamadurai, Nilakotai, and Pudukottai.
    • Currently, Tamil Nadu has 50 SIPCOT industrial parks, with 17 more expected within the next year, alongside expansions of existing parks. 
    • SIPCOT has been instrumental in establishing 3,290 industrial units with a cumulative investment of ₹1.85 lakh crore, generating over 8.20 lakh jobs in the last 53 years.

     

    SIPCOT’s Initiatives for Industrial Growth:

    • Sector Specific: SIPCOT is currently focused on promoting sector-specific industrial parks, including an international furniture park in Thoothukudi, a medical devices park in Oragadam, and electronic manufacturing clusters in Manallur and Pillaipakkam. 
      • It is also developing mega food parks in Manapparai, Tindivanam, and Theni, as well as a future mobility park and an e-vehicle park in Shoolagiri and Manallur, respectively. 
    • Housing Facilities: To support the workforce, SIPCOT is constructing industrial housing facilities, including an 18,720-bed accommodation at Vallam-Vadagal and a women’s hostel at Siruseri.
    • Water Management: To address water management, SIPCOT supplies Tertiary Treatment Reverse Osmosis (TTRO) water to industries in Kanchipuram from a 45 MLD TTRO plant in Koyambedu and is establishing a 20 MLD TTRO plant in Kelavarapalli for industries in the Hosur area.
    • Support for Startups: SIPCOT has also launched SIPCOT Industrial Innovation Centres (SIIC) in Hosur and Sriperumbudur to foster innovation and support startups in the high-tech sector. 
      • These centres aim to evaluate over 1,000 innovative ideas, create over 200 prototypes, and promote 30 startups to the seed investment stage. 

    Skill Development Centre: SIPCOT is also establishing a state-of-the-art skill development centre at Shoolagiri in Krishnagiri district.

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • India and West Asian Crisis

    Context : India and West Asian

    For the second time since April, tensions between Iran and Israel have escalated, bringing them to the brink of a full-scale war. Recently, Iran launched nearly 200 missiles at Israel, which has vowed to retaliate.

     

    More on News:

    • In April, Iran responded to an Israeli strike in Damascus with a missile attack on Israel. 
    • This week’s attack follows a similar pattern seen in both April and in January 2020, when Iran retaliated for the assassination of Quds Force chief Qasem Soleimani by targeting a US military base. 
    • These actions, while causing minimal damage, signal Iran’s response strategy, and Israel’s potential retaliation this time could lead to a broader conflict.

     

    India’s Role in the Crisis:

    • Though India has not yet offered to mediate, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has engaged with both sides. 
    • Over the last 10 days, he has spoken with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. 
      • The PM met Abbas on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly on September 23, where he expressed concern over the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and reaffirmed India’s commitment to peace. 
    • In a separate conversation on September 30, he also told Netanyahu that terrorism has no place in the world and emphasised the need to prevent regional escalation, secure the release of hostages, and restore peace and stability.
    • For India to play a more active mediating role, it would need not only communication channels but also considerable influence with both Israel and Iran.

     

    India’s Delicate Position:

    • India has significant interests in the West Asian region, and the Ministry of External Affairs has expressed concerns, emphasising the importance of preventing the conflict from escalating into a wider regional crisis and calling for issues to be resolved through dialogue and diplomacy.
    • India’s challenge lies in balancing its strong strategic ties with both Israel and Iran:
      • Israel: India’s relationship with Israel has grown considerably in recent years, especially in the areas of defence and security, with Israel becoming one of India’s key defence suppliers. Israel’s support during the Kargil War remains an important part of this relationship.
      • Iran: On the other hand, Iran has long been a critical supplier of crude oil to India. Iran’s Chabahar port is strategically and economically important for India as well. 

     

    India’s Stakes in the Region:

    • Indian Community: Around 18,000 Indians reside in Israel, with an additional 5,000-10,000 in Iran, and approximately 9 million in the broader West Asian region. 
    • Energy Security: The region provides 80% of India’s oil supplies, and a broader conflict would likely increase energy prices. 
      • Additionally, investment plans from major Arab nations in India’s economy could be disrupted.
    • Indian Investments: India has invested heavily in its relationships with key countries in West Asia, including Iran, Israel, and major Arab states. 
      • New Delhi is keen to ensure that the ongoing India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC) initiative, which holds strategic and economic importance, is not derailed by regional instability.

     

    Other Key Players in the Region:

    • Qatar: It plays a pivotal role as a regional mediator, engaging with all sides and providing financial support to Palestine. 
      • Qatar’s influence extends through its media arm, Al Jazeera, and it has been a key player in mediation efforts between Israel and Hamas.
    • Egypt: It shares a border with Gaza and Israel, has taken a strong stance against terrorism and has been involved in ceasefire initiatives, particularly concerned about a refugee crisis from Gaza.
    • Saudi Arabia: It  has been positioning itself as a regional leader, pursuing peace and connectivity initiatives, though its complex relationship with Shia-majority Iran presents challenges. 
      • Ongoing peace talks between Saudi Arabia and Israel have been stalled by the recent violence.
    • The UAE: Focused on its economic future, the UAE is another key player pushing for peace in the region to safeguard its prosperity. 
      • It was the first Gulf state to normalise relations with Israel in 2020.
    • Turkey: It has been involved through backchannel diplomacy, maintaining communication with both Israel and Iran, and playing a role in mediating after previous tensions.
    • USA: Historically, it is a major mediator in the region and has been trying to prevent further escalation, but there is a significant lack of trust between the US and Iran.
    • China: It has been positioning itself as a potential mediator and peacemaker in the region, driven by its geopolitical and economic interests.

     

    What are the Options Available to India?

    Active Diplomatic Engagement

    • Mediation Role: It should consider leveraging its friendly relations with both Iran and Israel to facilitate dialogue. 
    • Utilising Communication Channels: India should maintain open lines of communication with all parties involved, including regional players like Qatar and Egypt, who have historically played mediating roles.

     

    Humanitarian Focus

    • Addressing Humanitarian Concerns: This could involve collaborating with international organisations to provide aid and support for civilians affected by the conflict.
    • Public Statements: India should continue to issue public statements that emphasise the importance of protecting civilians and upholding human rights during conflicts.

     

    Strengthening Regional Ties

    • Engagement with Arab Nations: Strengthening the ties can help India gain leverage in discussions surrounding the crisis.
    • Economic Diplomacy: This includes securing energy supplies while supporting initiatives that foster economic cooperation among West Asian countries.

     

    Security Cooperation

    • Naval Presence: India should continue to engage in joint exercises and cooperative security measures with both Iran and Israel to ensure stability in critical waterways like the Strait of Hormuz.
    • Counter-Terrorism Collaboration: This would not only address security concerns but also build trust among nations.

     

    Long-Term Strategic Planning

    • Diversifying Energy Sources: Investing in renewable energy projects and exploring partnerships with other countries can enhance energy security.
    • Sustained Engagement in Peace Initiatives: India should commit to being an active participant in broader peace initiatives in the region, such as those led by international organisations or coalitions that focus on long-term stability and conflict resolution.

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • India and USA Partnership for Critical Minerals

    Context : Critical minerals

    Recently, India and the US signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) aimed at strengthening cooperation in critical minerals.

     

    More on News

    • This agreement is part of a broader strategy to enhance supply chain resilience and reduce dependency on China, which currently dominates the global market for essential minerals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel.
    • It also explored opportunities to boost U.S. investments in India, particularly in the new industrial cities currently being planned. 
    • The U.S. remains India’s largest trade partner and top export destination.

     

    About the MoU

    • Joining the Minerals Security Partnership: In June 2023, India joined the US-led Minerals Security Partnership (MSP), which focuses on developing diverse and sustainable supply chains for critical minerals globally. 
    • Strategic Focus Areas: The MoU emphasises several key areas:
      • Exploration and Extraction: Collaborating on best practices for mineral exploration and extraction.
      • Processing and Refining: Enhancing capabilities in processing and refining critical minerals.
      • Recycling and Recovery: Promoting recycling initiatives to ensure sustainable use of resources.

     

    [stextbox id=’info’]

    India and Australia

    In March 2023, India and Australia announced the Critical Minerals Investment Partnership to develop supply chains for critical minerals. The partnership has identified five key projects focused on lithium and cobalt, aiming to facilitate investment and collaboration between the two nations.

    [/stextbox]

     

      • Importance of Critical Minerals: Critical minerals are essential for various high-tech applications, including:
        • Electric Vehicles (EVs): Minerals like lithium and cobalt are crucial for battery production.
        • Renewable Energy Technologies: These minerals are also vital for manufacturing components used in solar panels and wind turbines.
    • Implications of the Partnership:
      • Economic Growth: The collaboration is expected to boost bilateral trade, which reached approximately $120 billion in 2023-24. 
      • Energy Security: As India relies heavily on imports for its critical mineral needs, this partnership will help secure a stable supply chain, reducing vulnerability to external shocks, particularly from China.
      • Technological Advancements: The partnership will facilitate technology transfer between the two countries, fostering innovation in mining technologies and sustainable practices.
      • Global Leadership: By participating in the MSP and collaborating with other mineral-rich countries, India positions itself as a key player in global mineral supply chains, enhancing its diplomatic leverage on international platforms.

    In summary, the India-US partnership in the critical mineral supply chain represents a strategic alliance aimed at enhancing economic resilience, ensuring energy security, and fostering technological innovation while addressing global sustainability challenges. 

     

    [stextbox id=’info’]

    What Are Critical Minerals?

    Critical minerals are defined as those minerals that are crucial for economic development and national security, and whose supply may be vulnerable to disruption. They include both metallic and non-metallic elements that are necessary for various high-tech applications, including: Rare Earth Elements, Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel and Graphite.

    Countries often develop their own lists of critical minerals based on their specific industrial needs and strategic assessments of supply risks. For instance, India has identified 30 critical minerals essential for its economic growth, aligning with its goals for clean energy transition and technological advancement .

    Importance of Critical Minerals

    Economic Development:

    • High-Tech Industries: Critical minerals are essential for manufacturing high-tech products such as smartphones, computers, and telecommunications equipment.
    • Green Technologies: As the world shifts towards renewable energy sources, critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements are vital for producing solar panels, wind turbines, and electric vehicles. 

    National Security:

    • Defense Applications: Many critical minerals are used in defence technologies, aerospace applications, and nuclear power systems. 
    • Supply Chain Resilience: The concentration of critical mineral production in a few countries can lead to vulnerabilities. For example, over 40% of the global processing capacity for lithium and rare earths is concentrated in China. 

    Technological Advancements: The demand for critical minerals is expected to rise significantly due to the increasing use of advanced technologies in everyday life. 

    Environmental Considerations: The extraction and processing of critical minerals must be managed sustainably to minimise environmental impact. 

    [/stextbox]

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH

  • Oilseeds – Merger of Agriculture Schemes & National Mission on Edible Oils

    Context : Oilseeds

    The Union Cabinet has merged all central schemes in the agriculture sector into two major schemes: Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (PM-RKVY) and Krishonnati Yojana (KY), with a total expenditure of ₹1,01,321.61 crore. The central share will be ₹69,088.98 crore, while states will contribute ₹32,232.63 crore.

     

    Objectives and Focus Areas

    • PM-RKVY: Allocated ₹57,074.72 crore, it focuses on promoting sustainable agriculture.
    • KY: With ₹44,246.89 crore, it aims to address food security and agricultural self-sufficiency.
    • Both schemes will tackle challenges like nutrition security, sustainability, climate resilience, value chain development, and increased private sector participation. States will have flexibility in developing strategic agricultural plans.

     

    Significance of Rationalisation:

    • The rationalisation avoids duplication, ensures convergence of resources, and offers states the flexibility to reallocate funds as per local needs.
    • Existing schemes like Soil Health Management, Rainfed Area Development, AgroForestry, and Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana will be merged into the new schemes.

     

    National Mission on Edible Oils – Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds)

    • Timeline and Outlay:The Cabinet has also approved the National Mission on Edible Oils – Oilseeds, with an outlay of ₹10,103 crore over seven years (2024-25 to 2030-31). 

    The mission aims to:

    • Increase oilseed production from 39 million tonnes to 69.7 million tonnes by 2030-31.
    • Focus on key crops such as rapeseed-mustard, groundnut, soybean, sunflower, and sesamum.
    • Enhance extraction from secondary sources like cottonseed, rice bran, and tree-borne oils.
    • Reducing Import Dependency:The mission targets reducing India’s dependency on imported edible oil from 57% to 28% within seven years, ensuring greater self-reliance.

    Strategic Initiatives

    • To achieve these goals, the mission will promote high-yielding seed varieties, extend cultivation into fallow lands, and adopt advanced technologies like genome editing. 
    • The SATHI portal will support seed traceability and ensure a steady supply of quality seeds.

     

    [stextbox id=’info’]

    NITI AAYOG Document named: Promoting  MILLETS IN DIETS BEST PRACTICES ACROSS STATES/UTs OF INDIA Gives an Overview of Odisha Millet Mission (OMM)-

    • Launched in 2017, the Odisha Millet Mission (OMM) aims to revive millet cultivation and consumption, particularly in tribal areas.
    • The initiative focuses on production, processing, consumption, and marketing of millets, with a special emphasis on including them in government schemes.

    Pre-Mission Situation

    Before OMM, Odisha faced significant challenges:

    • High rates of malnutrition among children under five, especially in tribal areas.
    • Decline in millet cultivation due to a shift towards commercial crops, drudgery in millet processing, lack of storage, and insufficient government support.

    Objectives of Odisha Millet Mission

    • Promote household consumption of millets.
    • Improve millet productivity through better agronomic practices.
    • Support market linkages by promoting Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs).
    • Set up decentralised processing units to reduce drudgery.
    • Incorporate millets into government schemes like ICDS (Integrated Child Development Scheme), MDM (Mid-Day Meal), and PDS (Public Distribution System).

    Key Impacts of OMM

    • Expansion: OMM started in 30 blocks (7 districts) in 2017 and has expanded to 142 blocks (19 districts) by 2021.
    • Farmer Participation: Over 11 lakh farmers have adopted millet cultivation on more than 54,000 hectares.
    • Increased Productivity: Millet production per hectare more than doubled from 5.79 quintals/hectare to 12.72 quintals/hectare.
    • Market Support: OMM procured 3,23,000 quintals of millets from 41,286 farmers in 2021-22. FPOs have been integral in supporting farmers’ marketing efforts.
    • Income Growth: The gross value of produce per farmer household increased threefold, from ₹3,957 to ₹12,486 between 2018 and 2021.

    Gender and Climate Resilience

    • Reduced Women’s Drudgery: Decentralised processing has alleviated the workload for women.
    • Climate Resilience: The increased focus on millets, particularly finger millet, has improved farmers’ resilience to drought and other climate challenges.

    Millets in ODISHA  Government Schemes

    • Ragi Distribution: Ragi has been distributed to over 50 lakh beneficiaries in 14 districts through PDS.
    • Ragi Laddu in ICDS: Ragi laddu was introduced as a morning snack for preschool children in Keonjhar and Sundargarh, benefiting 1,50,682 children in 7,066 Anganwadi centres.
    • Expansion of Millet Inclusion: Plans are underway to scale up the inclusion of millet-based products in ICDS, MDM, and PDS.

    Millet Shakti Cafés and Nutritional Benefits

    • Millet Shakti Cafés: These cafes serve millet-based dishes, reaching over 4.4 lakh people in two years.
    • Nutritional Security: OMM focuses on the nutritionally vulnerable, particularly children, by including millet-based entitlements in government schemes.

    National Recognition and Future Plans

    • Recognition: Odisha was named the “Best Millet Promoting State” by ICAR-IIMR and FAO.
    • Scaling Up: The program is set to expand into more blocks and districts, with the inclusion of ragi in more government schemes. Other states like Chhattisgarh are looking to replicate the OMM model.

    [/stextbox]

     

    Subscribe to our Youtube Channel for more Valuable Content – TheStudyias

    Download the App to Subscribe to our Courses – Thestudyias

    The Source’s Authority and Ownership of the Article is Claimed By THE STUDY IAS BY MANIKANT SINGH